Childbirth and Different Bursting Emotions

The miracle of life is the single most experience that every woman will remember in her lifetime. Almost every detail of the whole process can be definitely recalled by the mother, no matter how long it had happened. Every woman may have their own unique story of the parturition in every child she may have. But one thing is for sure, this amazing event is life changing, both an ending and a beginning. It marks the impending end of gestation and the start of a new family structure. The labor process is a time of different bursting emotions. There is the excitement of seeing the baby for the first time; fear of what might occur during the culmination of pregnancy and the unforgettable, excruciating, agonizing pain of contractions. The transition of events is very hard, long and rewarding all at the same time. Giving birth has been divided into three stages. The first stage of dilatation is the beginning of true labor contractions and ending when cervix becomes fully dilated. The progress and length of this stage varies from every woman to another. But definitely, the pain goes incredible as the contractions started coming closer and closer together. The mother may experience feelings of helplessness, restless, irritable, anxious and even out of control as contractions become stronger. The second stage is from descent to the birth of the newborn. This is the bittersweet part from the entire horrible aches that had transpired. This is the long awaited moment when you finally meet the precious one, actually touching his or her tiny hands and giving her warmth with your own bosom. I would like compare this journey into zealously unwrapping a huge special package that no matter how you have known what is inside of the gift; one will still be caught in awe upon laying eyes of the presence. The feeling is better than receiving that first I love you from someone you fell in love with. Lastly, from the time the baby is born until following the delivery of the placenta. There will be a sudden gush of blood. The placenta separates first at edge and delivers with maternal surface evidence. Now, the roller coaster drive of pregnancy ends. Labor normally launch when a fetus is sufficiently mature to cope with extra uterine life, yet not too large to cause mechanical difficulties in delivery. In some instances, labor initiates before the fetus is mature. On the other hand, labor may be delayed until the fetus and the placenta have both passed beyond the optimum point for birth and this is now termed post mature birth. In fact, some women need to be induced with medications to start or hasten labor. If all interventions fail, the mother must deliver her child without expulsion and must immediately need to submit to cesarean section, or surgical removal of a child, instead of having the baby pass through the birth canal. In summary, it can be said that while there is a general expected trend in the way each child birth will go, there is really no predicting the outcome for each individual mom. In fact, the only predictable factor of parturition may be variance. Inevitably, even how thoroughly science can explain the process of pregnancy until the expulsion of the newborn; it always feels surreal and marvelous how a person can bestow another life from her.

Application of Statistical Concepts in the Determination

Experiment 1: APPLICATION OF STATISTICAL CONCEPTS IN THE DETERMINATION OF WEIGHT VARIATION IN SAMPLES LEE, Hyun Sik Chem 26. 1 WFV/WFQR1 ————————————————- Nov. 23, 2012 A skillful researcher aims to end his study with a precise and accurate result. Precision refers to the closeness of the values when some quantity is measured several times; while accuracy refers to the closeness of the values to the true value. The tool he utilizes to prevent errors in precision and accuracy is called statistics.In order to become familiar to this tactic, the experiment aims to help the researchers become used to the concepts of statistical analysis by accurately measuring the weights of ten (10) Philippine 25-centavo coins using the analytical balance, via the â€Å"weighing by difference† method. Then, the obtained data divided into two groups and are manipulated to give statistica l significance, by performing the Dixon’s Q-test, and solving for the mean, standard deviation, relative standard deviation, range, relative range, and confidence limit—all at 95% confidence level.Finally, the results are analyzed between the two data sets in order to determine the reliability and use of each statistical function. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This simple experiment only involved the weighing of ten 25-centavo coins that are circulating at the time of the experiment. In order to practice calculating for and validating accuracy and precision of the results, the coins were chosen randomly and without any restrictions. This would give a random set of data which would be useful, as a statistical data is best given in a case with multiple random samples.Following the directions in the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Manual, the coins were placed on a watch glass, using forceps to ensure stability. Each was weighed according to the â€Å"weighing by differenceâ₠¬  method. The weighing by difference method is used when a series of samples of similar size are weighed altogether, and is recommended when the sample needed should be protected from unnecessary atmosphere exposure, such as in the case of hygroscopic materials. Also, it is used to minimize the chance of having a systematic error, which is a constant error applied to the true weight of the object by some problems with the weighing equipment.The technique is performed with a container with the sample, in this experiment a watch glass with the coins, and a tared balance, in this case an analytical balance. The procedure is simple: place the watch glass and the coins inside the analytical balance, press ON TARE to re-zero the display, take the watch glass out, remove a coin, then put the remaining coins back in along with the watch glass. Then, the balance should give a negative reading, which is subtracted from the original 0. 0000g (TARED) to give the weight of the last coin. The p rocedure is repeated until the weights of all the coins are measured and recorded.The weights of the coins are presented in table 1, as these raw data are vital in presenting the results of this experiment. Table 1. Weights of 25-centavo coins measured using the â€Å"weighing by difference† method| Sample No. | Weight, g| 1| 3. 6072| Data Set 2| Data Set 1| 2| 3. 7549| | | 3| 3. 6002| | | 4| 3. 5881| | | 5| 3. 5944| | | 6| 3. 5574| | | 7| 3. 5669| | 8| 3. 5919| | 9| 3. 5759| | 10| 3. 6485| | Note that the data are classified into two groups, Data Set 1 which includes samples numbered 1~6 and Data Set 2 which includes samples numbered 1~10.Since the number of samples is limited to 10, the Dixon’s Q-test was performed at 95% confidence level in order to look for outliers in each data set. The decision to use the Q-test despite the fact that there were only a few, limited number of samples and to use the confidence level of 95% was carried out as specified in the Laborat ory Manual. Significance of Q-test The Dixon’s Q-test aims to identify and reject outliers, values that are unusually high or low and thus differ considerably from the majority and thus may be omitted from the calculations and usages in the body of data.The Dixon’s Q-test should be performed, since a value that is extreme compared to the rest can bring inaccurate results that go against the estimated limits set by other calculations and thus affect the conclusion. This test allows us to examine if one (and only one) observation from a small set of replicate observations (typically 3 to 10) can be â€Å"legitimately† rejected or not. The outlier is classified objectively, by calculating for the suspected outlier, Qexperimental, Qexp, and comparing it with the tabulated Qtab. Qexp is determined by Qexp equation (1). Qexp=Xq-XnR (1)Where Xq is the suspected value, Xn is the value closest to Xq, and R is the range, which is given by the highest data value subtracted by the lowest data value. R=Xhighest-Xlowest (2) If the obtained Qexp is found to be greater than Qtab, the outlier can be rejected. In the experiment, the sample calculation for Data Set 1 is given below: Qexp=Xq-XnR=3. 7549-3. 60723. 7549-3. 5574=0. 14770. 1975=0. 74785 Since Qtab for the experiment is set as 0. 625 for 6 samples at 95% confidence level, Qexp>Qtab. Thus, the suspected value 3. 7549 is rejected in the calculations for Data Set 1.The same process was done for the lowest value of Data Set 1 and the values for Data Set 2, and the values were accepted and will be used for further calculations. This is shown in table 2. (Refer to Appendix for full calculations. ) Table 2. Results of Dixon’s Q-Test| Data Set| Suspect Values| Qtab| Qexp| Conclusion| 1| 3. 7549| 0. 625| 0. 74785| Rejected| | 3. 5574| 0. 625| 0. 15544| Accepted| 2| 3. 7549| 0. 466| 0. 53873| Accepted| | 3. 5574| 0. 466| 0. 048101| Accepted| The statistical values were then computed for the two data sets, and were compared to relate the significance of each form of statistical functions.The values required to be calculated are the following: mean, standard deviation, relative standard deviation (in ppt), range, relative range (in ppt), and confidence limits (at 95% confidence level). Significance of the mean and standard deviation The mean is used to locate the center of distribution in a set of values [2]. By calculating for the average value of the data set, it can be determined whether the set of data obtained is close to each other or is close to the theoretical value. Thus, both accuracy and precision may be determined with the mean, coupled with other statistical references.In the experiment, the mean was calculated using equation (3). The sample calculation used the data from Data Set 1, which had 5 samples after the outlier was rejected via the Q-test. X=i=1nXi=X1+X2+X3†¦+Xnn 3 =(3. 6072+3. 6002+3. 5881+3. 5944+3. 5574)5=3. 5895 Mean is represented by X, the data v alues by X, and the number of samples by n. It can be observed that the mean indeed shows the precision of the accumulated values, as all the values are close to each other and the mean. The standard deviation, on the other hand, is a relative measure of precision of the values.It shows how much the values spread out from the mean. A smaller standard deviation would show that the values are relatively closer to the mean, and a bigger one would show that the values are spread out more. This does not determine the validity of the experimented values. Instead, it is used to calculate further statistical measures to validate the data. The equation (4) was used to calculate the standard deviation, where s represents standard deviation, and the rest are known from the mean. The data set used is the same as the mean. s=1n-1i=1nXi-X2 4 =15-1[3. 072-3. 58952+3. 6002-3. 58952+3. 5881-3. 58952+3. 5944-3. 58952+3. 5574-3. 58952] =0. 019262 Mean and standard deviations by themselves are relative ly poor indicators of the accuracy and precision of the data. These are manipulated to give clearer views on the data. One of the measures of precision is the relative standard deviation. RSD=sX? 1000ppt (5) =0. 0192623. 5895? 1000=5. 3664 The relative standard deviation is a useful way of determining the precision of the data compared to other sets of data, as the ratio would be a good way of differentiating the two.This will be expounded further. Range is easily found with equation (2) to give the value of 0. 0498, taking note that the highest value was rejected via the Q-test. R=3. 6072-3. 5574=0. 0498 The relative range is also a way of comparing sets of data, just like the relative standard deviation. Again, it will be discussed when comparing the values from data sets 1 and 2. RR=RX? 1000ppt (6) =0. 04983. 5895? 1000=13. 874 Significance of the confidence interval The confidence interval is used to give the range at which a given estimate may be deemed reliable.It gives the in terval in which the population mean is to be included in. The boundaries of the interval are called confidence limits, and are calculated by equation (7). Confidence limit=X ±tsn 7 =3. 5895 ±2. 780. 0192625 =3. 5895 ±0. 023948 Using the confidence limit and the interval, one can easily determine the value that can be estimated if the same experiment was performed. The confidence limit shows that there is a 95% confidence that the actual mean lies between the values of 3. 5656 and 3. 6134. Difference between Data Set 1 and Data Set 2The statistical values computed from the two data sets are arranged below in table 3. Table 3. Reported values for data sets 1 and 2| Data Set| Mean| Standard Deviation| Relative SD| Range| Relative Range| Confidence Limts| 1| 3. 5895| 0. 019262| 5. 3664| 0. 0498| 13. 874| 3. 5895 ±0. 023948| 2| 3. 6085| 0. 057153| 15. 838| 0. 1975| 54. 731| 3. 6085 ±0. 040846| The two data differ in all the components, but what’s important are the relati ve standard deviations and the relative range. The standard deviation and the relative range, along with the confidence limits went up from data set 1 to 2.This shows that the data became less precise as more values were added, which is normal since one cannot always expect perfect results from every trials. The relative values all show the precision of the data from each other—the lower the number, the more precise they are. However, since the number of elements increased as the relative values increased as well, we can say that data set 1 is more precise but it isn’t accurate, since the sample population is quite limited. Statistical values have been computed and analyzed so that when further, more difficult research arises, the researchers will be able to accomplish them without problems.These values are significant in determining the accuracy of the experiment. For example in this experiment, the actual weight of 25 centavo coins is found to be 3. 6g for brass plat ed steel coins minted from 2004. It can be deduced that the majority of the coins used are indeed from that value, and that the mean became more accurate to the true value as more samples were used. REFERENCES Silberberg, M. S. (2010). Principles of general chemistry (2nd ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Jeffery, G. H. , Bassett, J. , Mendham, J. , & Denney, R. C. (1989).Vogel’s textbook of quantitative chemical analysis (5th ed. ). Great Britain: Bath Press, Avon http://www. bsp. gov. ph/bspnotes/banknotes_coin. asp. Accessed Nov. 21, 2012. Appendix Working Calculations Q-test Data Set 1 (Highest) Qexp=|3. 7531-3. 6921|0. 1920=0. 3177 0. 3177

Downsizing Definition Essay

Downsizing occurs when a company permanently reduces its workforce. Corporate downsizing is often the result of poor economic conditions or the company’s need to cut jobs in order to lower costs or maintain profitability. Downsizing may occur when one company merges with another, a product or service is cut, or the economy falters. Downsizing also occurs when employers want to â€Å"streamline† a company – this refers to corporate restructuring in order to increase profit and maximize efficiency. Downsizing results in layoffs that are often followed by other restructuring changes, such as branch closings, departmental consolidation, and other forms of cutting pay expenses. In some cases, employers are not fired, but instead become part-time or temporary workers to trim costs. In a business enterprise, downsizing is reducing the number of employees on the operating payroll. Some users distinguish downsizing from a layoff, with downsizing intended to be a permanent downscaling and a layoff intended to be a temporary downscaling in which employees may later be rehired. Businesses use several techniques in downsizing, including providing incentives to take early retirement and transfer to subsidiary companies, but the most common technique is to simply terminate the employment of a certain number of people. Recentll, country’s largest cell phone company Grameenphone, has embarked on major operational cost-cutting measures that include the downsizing of its manpower in some specific sections of the company. GrameenPhone is the largest mobile phone company in Bangladesh. In the midst of lack of communication means, GrameenPhone has introduced an effective and user-friendly mobile phone network. It has put a positive impact on the lifestyle of the people of Bangladesh.It is one of the largest cellular operator in the country. It is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor and Grameen Telecom Corporation. Telenor is the largest telecommunications company in Norway, owns 51% shares of Grameenphone. It is amongst the oldest, most sophisticated, and diversified telecom companies in the world. Grameen Telecom itself owns 35% shares, 9.5% shares are held by Marubeni Corporation in japan and the remaining 4.5% shares are held by Gonofone Development Corp in New York. In addition, three leading international financial institutions– the International Finance Corporation, Asian Development Bank and the Commonwealth Development Corporation — are also shareholders of GrameenPhone. The three organizations each hold three per cent of preferred shares of GrameenPhone. It was the first company to introduce GSM technology in Bangladesh. It also established the first 24-hour Call Center to support its subscribers. With the slogan Stay Close, stated goal of Grameenphone is to provide affordable telephony to the entire population of Bangladesh. At present around 4800 employees, both permanent and contractual, are working in different sections of the GP. But the sudden decision to downsize its manpower has created panic among most employees of the company that saw substantial rise in its annual profit-earning in recent years. The victims of the latest cost cutting measures are in most cases permanent employees who worked in the sales and services departments. The company has abolished its logistics services in all regional offices and in the case of sales it has reduced the number of posts and declared the remaining post vacant. Interestingly, it has asked all the sales staff either to compete a fresh for the vacant posts or take an attractive ‘exit’ package. Management is saying it is a part of the business alignment process, Through a so called performance evaluation process the company is conducting termination of permanent employee who were meant to be loyal and efficient. Even in many cases employees are being forcefully asked to leave the organization. some of the employees have complained that Grameenphone’s management has threatened them to submit their resignation letter otherwise they will be mentally humiliated as well as downsized at work. From employee source it is found that in many cases the company is violating the Bangladesh Labor Act 2006 but the government or the labor law enforcement bureau is not t aking any action. The statistic shows that last year the company profit incensement was almost 205% and the employee of the company was suppose to get a potation of the profit as per the company policy. But it never happened. As Grameenphone’s profit already is in increase as per last year’s report than the company should provide a valid reason of termination of such a large number of employment within a short time. Recently the management have introduces a new system of re-interview within the company to ensure the existing position of the individuals. Management has claimed this process as a part of performance evaluation tool which has made the employee to raise their voice against this injustice. By using such words like ‘Business Alignment’ and ‘Change in structure’ actually the company is terminating the employment of permanent employee who has given his 8 hours of every single day with loyalty to built this organization to this height. Even in some cases the company had forced some of the female employee to attend the interviews during their maternity leave and terminated their employment contract as claiming the employee is less productive for the company which is a direct violation of Bangladesh labor Act 2006. Employees have claimed that the management is not providing any written announcement or instruction but verbally they are asking to leave the organization through phone calls and general meeting. This year the government has announced 11% inflation rate but Grameenphone being a multination company has provided only 0%-5% incensement to it’s employees though it’s quarterly report shows almost 81% increase op profit with is this year. Back in 2009 Almost 1500 permanent employees are asked to leave the organization without any valid reasons but based on performance evaluation process. So how come the number of termination became so high based on performance evaluation process after a certain period of time every year? And how downsizing a large number of senior employees into junior position became ethical practice or business alignment process? As a Norwegian company people had a better expectation from Grameenphone but now it seems to be the reason behind of distraction of hundreds of employee’s career.

Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Homework - Assignment Example It is true that post-money valuation is always higher than pre-money valuation because of a few reasons worth noting. First, post-money valuation, thus, denotes the status of a company after it has receive some funding. Second, the post-money state is equally a mark of capital injection within the organization something that is absent in pre-money valuation. It is imperative to note valuation is a financial concept that is predominant in venture capital and private equity to determine the prospects of financing or investment. It is true that any form of investment has risk especially for the early stage ventures unlike the late stage venture capital. This is because of limited financing and resources in the market to attract customers. Another hindrance for early stage ventures includes the utilization of capital in other stabilizing instead of expanding the business. In other words, the various stages such as start-up and formative of early ventures prevent it from picking up as opposed to the late stage venture capital. After Initial Public Offering (IPO), it is true that shareholders could freely trade their shares. One of the reasons entails assessment of scarce commodity that often gives analysts a chance to advise shareholders on issues of their prospectus. Second, company prospects with strong brokers offers platform for trading in shares in public to earn dividends through smaller and quality brokerages (Bierman, 2011). Alternatively, reading of prospectus carefully is essential in the determination of IPO especially in the first investment to establish one’s high-net worth for dividends. There is advantage and disadvantage of being a public company. The advantage is that such a company is open to trading and investment prospects for most investors. It means that shareholders have a leverage to trade in shares, securities, and bonds with high prospects of value return. However, being a

French Language and Culture from 1500 to1900 Assignment

French Language and Culture from 1500 to1900 - Assignment Example America was regarded as a land of wonder, romance, gold, and adventure. The new country unveiled the secrets of the barbarous continent, but the Frenchmen pierced the forests, mapped and traced out streams, built their forts, planted their emblems and claimed their own territories (Eacott 2015 pp. 69). The new country offered great opportunities for spiritual welfare. Priests and monks were brought alongside the soldiers to offer spiritual nourishment to the Indians and save their souls. When Henry the Second was on the throne, France desired to get a share of the rich new world of which the Spanish and Portuguese arrogance claimed the monopoly. The desire of France saw her not only send Frenchmen only but also Protestant Frenchmen. The importance of them being Protestants was for the sake of evangelism, as well as disguising their identity for acceptability. The Frenchmen and the Protestant Frenchmen were sent to plant the fleur-de-lis on the New World’s shores. In the name of King, two vessels were prepared for the big journey. The emigration’s body was the Huguenots, mixed with young nobles, poor, idle and restless, with piratical sailors from the Breton and Norman seaports and reckless artisans. They entered the harbor of Rio Janeiro, which was then named Guanabara and built huts for their accommodation (Miller 592). The anticipation for future triumphs was evident in them. According to Dubois (2004 pp. 36), a black and deadly potent cloud was thickening over France in the year 1562. A problem was brewing and was inclined towards religious wars. It was impossible for anyone to pierce the future, not to mention contemplating it. The wide range of hate and fanaticism, brother fighting brother, friend fighting friend, son with father made the future dark. Spain, on the other hand, watched and waited to crush and trample any hope of humanity.  

School Choice Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School Choice - Article Example One disturbing consequence of high stakes testing is the reduction or elimination of activities that are not tested. Teachers feel that they cannot spend time on such things as class meetings to promote decision-making, discussing current events and interdisciplinary projects and even recess. Whatever is not in the test gets eliminated. Just as students who are only interested in grades are famous for asking if they have to know something, now teachers who are only teaching to test are asking ‘do we have to teach this?’. When testing at a given grade is limited to Math and language arts then the other subjects such as science, social studies, and art suffer. This has created a new difficulty for teaching and teachers because if they are only teaching a subject for the test then this may lead to poor teaching. On the other hand, some teachers may choose to have their subjects tested just so that they can keep the subject on the curriculum Kohn refers to this as ‘bar gaining with the devil’. It can mean that the curriculum gets twisted to fit into the testing mode. As one language arts teacher is reported to have said that the class has not been doing any reading since they started to prepare for the reading test. Other subjects are suffering the same fate. These facts and information are soon forgotten. There is a disturbing consequence where good teaching means poor test preparation and conversely preparing for the test encourages the worst kind of teaching.

Minamata Bay in Kumamoto Japan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Minamata Bay in Kumamoto Japan - Research Paper Example The pollution was suspected to have been caused because Hyakken Habour released the poisonous mercury from the Chisso Corporation. This not withstanding, Minamata Bay has its own unique geographical and natural make-up, that makes the bay distinguished. Minamata Bay is part of the bigger Shiranui Sea but it is locked up in the middle of the Kyushu coast and the Island of Kumamoto and Nagasaki prefectures. From afar, the bay presents beautiful scenery of nature’s popular sea color, which is sea blue. The bay is generally calm with no heavy tides that randomly break its banks. The bay is shallow, yet possesses every thing that a regular sea area should possess. To the north of the bay is the Ariake Sea and to its south is the East China Sea. This means that Minamata Bays share a lot of common features with the East China Sea and the Ariake Sea. †¢ Climate Precipitation and temperature in the Minamata Bay varies significantly during different times of the year. However compa ratively, because of the presence of the sea, precipitation in Minamata Bay is generally low when compared with other parts of the country such as Tokyo. The graph below gives a pictorial difference in temperature and precipitation of Minamata in General as compared with Tokyo. Source: Travel Friend (2011) Precipitation is generated from the clouds. According to the Frondriest Environmental Inc (2011), precipitation is any form of water that falls to the earth’s surface. This includes snow, rain, sleet, freezing rain and hail†. From the graph we see that because of the presence of the Bay and sea in general, Minamata has a very high precipitation as compared to Tokyo. The highest precipitations of the year are recorded in June and July when precipitation can go as high as rising beyond 15mm. January, February and December however records very low precipitations because at those times of the year, there is relatively low levels of water in the air. As far as temperature is concerned, Minamata records temperature levels that are not very much different from that of Tokyo. Temperatures also vary a lot in the course of the year. Whereas temperatures can go as low as below 5 °C in the months of January, February and December, it at times rises high above 30 °C in August and September. To this effect, it can be said that Minamata Bay has a temperate climate. The specific values of temperature and precipitation for the various months are given in the table below: Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average High Temperature ( °C) 10.5 11.3 14.8 19.9 23.8 26.6 30.1 31.1 28.1 23.5 18.3 13 Average Low Temperature ( °C) 2.7 3.1 6.3 10.4 14.6 19.3 23 23.3 20.2 14.3 9.5 4.5 Average Precipitation (mm) 74 78.2 158.5 147.5 190.3 409.8 417.5 228.6 198.8 95.8 80.4 52.6 Source: Travel Friend (2011) †¢ Human Presence, Activities and Alternations People live all around the Minamata Bay and are involved in active regular activities. Accord ing to the GeoNames geographical database, Minamata Bay, Japan has a population of 29,428 people. Majority of the working class of the people living in Minamata Bay are involved in factory work. This is because Minamata itself is tagged as a factory town. Most of the people in Minamata depends on the presence of factories to make a living. There are some who also take advantage of the presence

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Business - Essay Example It is vital for tracking supply components and management’s communication to workers. Another prominent way in which workers may utilize tablets or smart phones regards the system of instant messaging. It was previously regarded as personal. However, it proves as a fast and a cost-effective way of communicating. As regards to this system, managers and fellow workers can be aware of the workers that are assigned at their desks. It proves as an effective way of attaining crucial and fast information. There are two security concerns that a business may have with employees that communicate outside a network. A crucial concern pertains to the issue of confidentiality (Salomon, 2003). This regards the concept whether information is available to the right entities’ or owners. An example regards the aspect of a credit card transaction. Such information should only be available to the buyer and seller. In this aspect, credit cards require encryption in order that it remains inaccessible to other networks and others individuals. Another critical issue concerns with the aspect of data integrity (Salomon, 2003). In data integrity, the same should not be modified in an undetectable way. The breach of integrity occurs when another force modifies data during its transit. Users can attain harm on the breach of data. This regards the alteration of personal information that may implicate an individual fraud or

Business Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Law - Research Paper Example This is filed at the relevant registry and then served upon the defendant(s). Once the defendant is served personally, he is supposed to sign the summons and file a reply to the summons within a stipulated time. If he opts not to reply, he shall be deemed to have received the summons within a time stipulated by the relevant law. 2. When an Attorney will represent a Client on Contingency Basis When Filing a Suit for Tort A contingency fee refers to where the lawyer is paid if and only if the plaintiff wins or there is a settlement. The reason why clients opt for this method is that they fear the risk of loss. They also want the lawyers to finance them. Others are desperate and have no money to finance the suit. Lawyers on their side accept contingency fee because it is the practice of the particular law firm while others work on a fee per hour basis. Disadvantage is that it compromises the choice of a lawyer. 3. Contract for a sale of interest in land I †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.of identity number†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (Herein called ‘the seller’) have on this 8th day of March 2013 agreed to sell plot no.Eld 1234/10 of 20 hectares to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Of identity number†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦. ... He receives a 10% commission on every plot he sells above the principal’s price. 2) They get their contracts through written agreements with the principals who are his clients. The statutes of frauds do however not cover the contracts 3) Lenny became an agent through practice where he used to bargain on behalf of those selling pieces of land and paid for the same. And testament as Sample Partnership Agreement THIS PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT is made this 8th day of March 2013 by And between BOB JONES, BILL DUNN and MAC SMITH. Section 1: Explanatory Statement The parties hereto desire to enter into the business of purchasing, acquiring operating, leasing, owning and selling lawn mowers, including but not limited to that certain parcel of land, and all improvements constructed thereon, described as BOX NO.134,NEWYORK and engaging in any other lawful phase or aspect of lawn service. In order to accomplish their previously mentioned desires, the parties hereto desire to join in a genera l partnership under and pursuant to the Uniform Partnership Act, amended from time to time (the "Act") NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of their mutual promises, covenants, and agreements, and the Explanatory Statement, which Explanatory Statement is incorporated by reference herein and having made a substantive part of this Partnership Agreement, the parties hereto do hereby promise, covenant and agree as follows: Section 2: Principal Place of Business The principal office and place of business of the Partnership (the "Office") shall be located at Angell Road. Section 3: Business and Purpose 3.1.The business and purposes of the Partnership are to manage, and operate, lawn service business (the "Lawns"),

The Revival of Roman and Greek Architecture in The Palace of Fine Art, Essay

The Revival of Roman and Greek Architecture in The Palace of Fine Art, San Francisco - Essay Example The particular event lasted from February to December of 1915. The event that became a tradition marks the commemoration of both the recovery of the state from an earthquake in 1906 and the conclusion of the construction of the Panama Canal1. The Palace of Fine Arts has different important structural components and architectural elements that can be considered as an integration of both the Roman and the Greek architectural designs. This is due to the fact that the main objective of the architect Bernard Maybeck is a representation of the ruins of Roman and Greek culture combined through the amalgamation of their unique styles. Due to the said objective a unique architectural style was given birth2. The Palace of Fine Arts is a unique structure that was built for a temporary purpose, an exhibition to last less than a year, but the effort that was put in the building of the edifice stretched it life for half a century. The Roman structure and architectural style can be recognized in the columns that line the building specially the central rotunda and the arch3. These columns are specifically described to be Corinthian, the fourth to fifth century Roman architectural design4. Central part was located near the lagoon which added to the attraction of the Palace, giving its visitors an extraordinary experience. The display rooms that can be counted to 113 room... The particular part where artworks are kept was constructed at the rear of the arched area to be able to provide a larger space for what is considered to be the focal point of the Palace, the central rotunda. Circular dome and the eight Roman columns make up the central rotunda linked by a bridge to the pergola. This form of structure can be observed in Roman temples in the early times. A total representation of the grandeur of the Roman architecture but humbled by the evident reconstruction of the ruins5. This interaction of element to bring about a message to the observers is the real objective of the constructed structure. The elements of Greek art can be observed in the decorations and added designs to the Palace of Fine Arts. The sculptures, the murals and the ornate decorations mark the architectural design of the Greeks that can be observed in the Palace6. Some of the priced artworks are murals of Robert Reid which is composed of four sections that describe mainly the development of art in the different regions of the world, in relation to the concept presented by the exhibition. Other art pieces that adorn the Palace depict the extravagant architectural design of the Greek. Some of there are the sculptures such as the Aspiration by Leo Lentielli, a statue that offers himself for art, and the columns lined with statues by Ulric Ellerhusen depicting the strong feeling in the absence of art. The ornaments mainly depict the Greek culture. In addition to the decorations, the eight panel located underneath the dome was described to represent the Greek culture, specifically the importance of arts in the culture of the Greek7. On the basis of the described Palace of Fine Arts according to published works, it

Construction management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Construction management - Assignment Example One of the considerations that was taken with respect to this particular project concerns the dangers and potential hazards of deconstructing the old pipeline. Although full safety inspections will of course be conducted prior to any activity of actual deconstruction being engaged, it is not unlikely that a potential hazard might be engaged and additional time and/or personnel required in order to de-construct the existing pipeline in and ineffective, efficient, and environmentally sustainable manner (Maddox-Abbott & Laskowski, M 2014). As a means of countering this particular risk, the project has been divided into two distinct phases. The first phase is with respect to those areas that are not densely populated. Similarly, the second phase is contingent upon those regions that are densely populated. As such, rather than dividing the project based upon the actual geographic area of pipeline replacement within these two geographic spheres, a risk management approach has indicated tha t a disproportionate amount of time must be provided for contingencies or eventualities within the densely populated region of Jersey Island. Even though it is true that the total geographic area of pipeline replacement that is encompassed within these areas is a minute fraction of the overall project scope, fully 30% of all available time for this phase of the project has been devoted towards these regions to counter any contingencies that might arise. Some of the contingencies that were considered with respect to these urban areas were concentric upon damaged infrastructure, potential leaks, and other issues arising from the physical deconstruction of the existing and old pipeline infrastructure (Golob et al, 2013). Another relevant risk that was considered and planned for accordingly has to do with issues pertaining to shipment. As was noted within the initial project proposal, there are no factories on Jersey Island that are capable of producing the type of infrastructure that

White Males Essay Example for Free

White Males Essay What is white male privilege? It is important that white male privilege is defined because the majority of whites males want to deny that it exists at all. The denial of its existence by white people is racialized. People of color say white people enjoy white privilege while white people deny, as often as possible, that they have it and that such a power structure exists. Before defining White male privilege we must first understand the idea of privilege in an anti-oppression setting. Privilege is defined my the webster dictionary as a right or immunity granted as a peculiar benefit, advantage, or favor. It is a status that is conferred by society to certain groups. â€Å"It’s about advantages you have that you think are normal. † When this idea is applied to a certain group of people rather than others you begin to see a social polarization, one group that benefits from the privilege and another group that is setback by it. To understand white male privilege one must first understand each factor of privilege, how they work together, and how they effect society. White male privilege is made up of two different privileges, white privilege which is defined by race and male privilege which is defined by gender. White privilege is defined (Clark, 2005), as (1a) a right, advantage, or immunity granted to or enjoyed by white persons beyond the common advantage of all others; an exemption in many particular cases from certain burdens or liabilities. (b) A special advantage or benefit of Stephens 2 white persons; with reference to divine dispensations, natural advantages, gifts of fortune, genetic endowments, social relations, etc. (2a) A privileged position; the possession of an advantage white persons enjoy over non-white persons. (3a) The special right or immunity attaching to white persons as a social relation; prerogative. (b) Display of white privilege, a social expression of a white person or persons demanding to be treated as a member or members of the socially privileged class. (4a) To authorize or license of white person or persons what is forbidden or wrong for non-whites; to justify, excuse. (b) To give white persons special freedom or immunity from some liability or burden to which non-white persons are subject; to exempt. Peggy McIntosh describes white privilege as â€Å"an invisible weightless knapsack of special previsions† in the sense that white privilege provides the beneficiary with advantages that they don’t realize others lack. These advantages can range from being late and not have that count against your race to not worrying if your skin tone makes you the target of police brutality. Many whites against the idea of white privilege believe that the notion of racial preference originated with affirmative action programs and that is should be dismantled to address the issue of privilege. Others against white privilege simply believe it is a myth to essentially make them feel bad for there â€Å"ancestor mistakes†. Most people do not fully understand the privileges that they benefit from so they can not ever truly except this reality. Most men feel this way when they are presented with the idea of male privilege for the first time. Male privilege is a set of privileges that are given to men due to their institutional power in relation to women. While every man experiences privilege differently due to his Stephens 3 own individual position in the social hierarchy, every man, who is seen as male by society, benefits from male privilege. Male privilege branches out over all men no matter what there race, class, or sexuality is. In our patriarchal society male privilege is a bit more inherent. Female workers are, on average, are paid more than 20 percent less than their male components doing the exact same thing. Male privilege can be found in most things in our lives from tv and entertainment all the way to mannerism and how we hold ourselves in our day to day lives. Now that both white and male privilege have been defined we can go into detail about how the both are intertwined White male privilege is an institutionalized power structure in which white males are at the apex of the social pyramid. White males have a very disproportional amount of power compared to women and people of color. Some people would describe being a white male as â€Å"the lowest difficulty setting in a game call the real world†. Both white and male privilege are the most prevalent advantages throughout time. Those who are opposed to this say that white male privilege is a thing of the past and is no longer relevant because we live in a post racial society where citizens may create their own destinies. With Barack Obama as president they believe any structure that existed before hand is nullified by the presence of an African american president. To some white male privilege provides a group with advantages they don’t realize they have. Unchecked it can be used deny it’s very existence with ignorance. The them the best way to combat this issue is to face it head. It’s hard to acknowledge some you don’t you have or why you have it. If people were more aware of their privileges they could find ways to end them or Stephens 4 even making them a common thing provided for others no matter what your race, gender, or sexual preference was. To others white male privilege is nothing but an illusion. They believe that in a post racial society privilege is what you make of it and we all are equal. Some would even go as far to say that white privilege is nothing but a crutch people of color use to take advantage of the white people. Now that I’ve defined Privilege whether it be male privilege or white, showed examples of it in our day to day life , and described it implications on society how will you perceive it? Will you go out teach others about this invisible advantage or will you see it as anything else that’s invisible.

Analysis of Desirees Baby By Kate Chopin

Analysis of Desirees Baby By Kate Chopin Desirees Baby has been set in the days before the abolition of slavery in the big farms/plantations owned by whites and tendered by black slaves in the Southern State of Texas. Monsieur Valmonde finds an abandoned baby by the wayside. His wife, Madam Valmonde, does not have a child of her own thus; she takes the baby and names her Desiree. Madam Valmonde and her husband, Monsieur Valmonde raise the child, until she turns 18 years-an age considered ripe for courtship and marriage (Chopin). Her beauty, elegance, and white skin attract Monsieur Aubigny, a plantation owner and widower who just returned from burying his wife in France. This essay provides an insight into alienation in relationships, the consequences of mans evil institutions like slavery and racism. Aubigny, the main character, feels a strong sense of alienation in his relationship with black slaves, a people that he greatly despises. They are an inferior race, generally a non-people in his eyes. Aubigny a rich white landowner is endowed with wealth and the right color. In the society that all the characters live, white is deemed acceptable and good. Anybody with a black skin is a social outcast, and they should be rejected to live the cursed life, that of slavery. Aubignys parents were white, and they instilled into him the right color that an endowed person should have or associate. His family is one of the initial sources of alienation. His upbringing constantly placed him on top of blacks, and this is why he denies his baby because it is turning black. Madam Valmonde also exclaimed that Desirees baby was not the baby implying that the babys origin and color will not be accepted by society as that of Aubignys. The society, immediate family, and close friends shape the status of an individual. The way people behave is largely affected by; how they perceive themselves and what society will think about them. Madam Valmonde refuses that Desirees baby is not the kind of child that society will accept. Society cannot accept that both Augbiny and Desiree, both white can have a black offspring, the cursed race. Augbiny cannot accept living with a woman who has given birth to an inferior being (Chopin). He cannot imagine what his close friends, family, and society will think about him. This is why he decides to alienate himself from both wife and child before society judges his behavior. His actions are dictated by society and not by self-worth. If society does not accept blacks, then he too cannot accept them. He burns everything that belongs to Desiree and her baby to get rid of any information that links his private life to blacks. This shows that he cannot outdo the code of conduct in his white dominated society. Desire too cannot imagine what society will think of her black baby and she chose to drown with him in a swamp. Madam Valmonde plays the role of society. She knows that the real father, Aubigny, will not accept the baby. She tries to express this to Desiree although she does not understand. She also plays the part of society that will accept the rejected. She willingly takes her daughter and grandson back. This shows her motherly love and concern for the unhappy daughter. Failure to accept her adopted daughter and grandson may cause her to be labeled as selfish and inhuman by society. The letter from Augbinys mother to his father serves the role of a wakeup call into reality. It jerks Augbiny into knowing that whatever he has rejected (black) is in his blood and in fact the source of his life (mother) (Chopin). A popular culture metaphor taken from the story is the one that describes Armand Aubignys features. He is described as a having a dark and handsome face that had not been disfigured by frowns. This metaphor implies that black is handsome although society does not accept people of color (Chopin).This metaphor shows the irony in societys code of acceptance. A person can be black and handsome and yet society had rather accept white and ugly because the later comes from a superior race while the earlier originates from an inferior race. Aubigny lacks a complete sense of direction. He knows that the origin of Desirees parents is not know and yet drinks into her beauty. He cannot accept the color of slaves thus results to deceit and wickedness to save his face in society. He is very ignorant of his looks and denies his looks. The fact that he does not acknowledge his ignorance, wants to satisfy the code of acceptance of society makes him ruin his relationship with his family. Ironically, He begins to treat the slaves fairly because he realizes that he has a black baby! Aubignys chooses the wrong path of letting go of his family because of the color of the baby. The baby just like his parents did not choose where to be born and in what color. Desiree also chooses the wrong path of killing herself and son. This because she feels that society cannot accept her and they may label her as a failure. She does not understand that one cannot satisfy the demands of society and being black is human. My sympathy goes to the baby who dies because of something that he does not have any power over. As for the married couple, they deserve what they get; they let society dictate everything that they believe in without realizing that nothing is perfect in the eyes of man. Society and its representatives like race, marriage, and slavery are faulted in this story. During the pre-colonial times, a slave could only marry a slave and a white to a white. However, whites could have sex with slaves with or without their consent. This resulted to colored people who could not be accepted because of their mixed heritage and the act of a white male siring with a black slave (one of the lowly acts). This story highlights racism, its effects on people who are victims and cannot accept it like Desiree and Augbiny. In this story, there is a great conflict between reality and fantasy. Augbiny fantasizes that he should get a girl instead of a boy. He further fantasizes that the beauty and fair skin of Desiree will help him to get a purebred white child who does not have any black flaws. Madam Valmonde also fantasizes that the child should have been white she says that openly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this is not the child (Chopin). She knows that if the child is not white, then there is nothing foe Desiree. This is why she accepts both daughter and grandson. Women/girls are victims of their own making. They fail to understand that beauty or color alone cannot lead to a happy life. They do not comprehend their needs and the reason to live. Desiree argues with Augbiny that she is whiter than Augbinys. She writes a letter to her mother telling her that she is unhappy because of the mistreatment from her husband. This shows that she cannot accept to live as black, with a black child in a society that labels black as bad and cursed. In a case like these, men like Augbiny take advantage of misunderstandings and capitalize on them making women unhappy. They strain their relationship because they feel that they are following the code of acceptance of society. Women are also victims of societal demands. Desiree cannot be happy without a man and she does not want to imagine how society will see her. This makes her end her life and that of her baby in a tragic manner. A man like Augbiny is a victim of society and its institutions like slavery. Man spends so much time building racism and slavery and in the end, these two things swallow their lives into the unknown. Racism and slavery are meant to serve the interest of whites but it is ironical that they again destroy him especially when Augbiny discovers that he too is black. Augbiny expects his fantasies to be true thus lays all his hopes in color. If it is now white, he does not want anything to do with it. He falsely expects that society will accept him now that he has done away with family only to discover that he too is black. The moral issues that arise in this story are wickedness, deception, and misunderstanding. People shudder at the thought of being black or even being associated with the cursed race. Augbiny does not understand that color and origin of a human being can neither be changed nor be discarded. Desiree discards her color, that of her son and her origin in death. This implies that slavery and racism are things that are very evil in society and should be discarded or they will eat into the human soul. Blacks are human beings and color is only skin-deep and is dictated by their genes; things that none can suppress or change (Schneider). Madam Valmonde accepts her daughter and son. She is that part of society that embraces what the elites have rejected. Madam Valmondes letter to her daughter show the humanity, acceptance that can be found in the heart of the human race. The wickedness of the institution of slavery and racism is clearly depicted in this story. Augbinys mother prays that his son should never discover that he has a black mother. It clearly shows the way whites deny that blacks are human beings and a part of society. Death is very wicked because it embraces even the innocent like Desirees baby. It does not discriminate between the ignorant, rich or color. It just takes everything that comes on its way.

A Microeconomic Analysis Of British Petroleum Economics Essay

A Microeconomic Analysis Of British Petroleum Economics Essay BPs (British Petroleum) origins can be traced back to 1901 when William Know tried to explore oil in Persia. The first commercial oil discovery was made in the Middle East by BP in 1908. In 1935, the company prospered and was renamed the Anglo- Iranian Oil Company. The war effort resulted in the British government becoming a shareholder of the company (until 1987). In 1950, Anglo-Iranian expanded into petrochemicals. The Iranian nationalization of the oil industry and subsequent diplomatic solution involving Britain, the US, and Iran led to the emergence of a new consortium involving Anglo-Iranian Oil called The British Petroleum Company (founded in 1954). 1.2 Company Overview BP is one of the largest vertically integrated oil and gas companies in the world. The companys operations primarily include the exploration and production of gas and crude oil, as well as the marketing and trading of natural gas, power, and natural gas liquids. BP is headquartered in London, the UK and employs about 92,000 people. 1.3 Why choosing BP for the essay The company recorded revenues of $361,143 million during the financial year ended December 2008 (FY2008), an increase of 27% over the financial year ended December 2007 (FY2007). The operating profit of the company was $36,347 million during FY2008, an increase of 9.2% over FY2007. The net profit was $21,157 million in FY2008, an increase of 1.5% over FY2007. 1.4 Business Description BP is one of the worlds largest oil and gas companies. It has presence in more than 100 countries across six continents. The company operates through two reportable business segments: exploration and production; and refining and marketing. The company also operates through a third business segment, other businesses and corporate. Upstream activities involve oil and natural gas exploration and field development and production. The midstream operations involve the ownership and management of crude oil and natural gas pipelines, processing and export terminals, and LNG processing facilities and transportation. For the FY2008, BPs worldwide network consisted of some 22,600 locations branded BP, Amoco, ARCO, and Aral. BPs retail network in the US for the FY2008 comprised approximately 11,700 sites, of which approximately 9,200 were owned by jobbers (who purchase their products directly from the refining companies and either sell them to retailers or directly to the end users) and 900 operated under a franchise agreement. At the end of FY2008, BPs European retail network consisted of approximately 8,600 sites and had approximately 2,300 sites in the rest of world. Other businesses and corporate segment of the company comprises treasury (which includes interest income on the companys cash and cash equivalents) the companys aluminum asset, the alternative energy business, and shipping and corporate activities worldwide. 1.5 What we will discuss Not a clue yet. 2. ANALYSIS 2.1 Microeconomic analysis 2.1.1 Consumer demand, price elasticity and BP revenues for FY 2008 We will take one example here to analyse the law of demand and how it applies to BP. For this specific example we will use petrol as product. In general, the law of demand states that the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises (assuming other things equal). To represent this change, the demand curve is used. It is a graph that represents the relationship between the price of a product (petrol in this case) and the quantity demanded. demand.JPG Figure The Demand Curve (image taken from www.freeworldacademy.com) As you can see in figure1, when the price increased from P1 to P2 the quantity demanded dropped from Q1 to Q2. Changes in the demand curve can be caused by many factors such as the consumer income, the price of substitutes and others. There are 2 categories of goods though. The ones that the demand doesnt change a lot when price is changed and those that even a small price change will result in a huge change in the demand. This is called the elasticity of demand. The price elasticity of demand for petrol is inelastic (price elasticity inelastic.JPG Figure Inelastic demand You can see here that an increase in price (p1 to p2) leads to a decrease in quantity (q1 to q2) that is proportionately smaller. This results in an increase of the total revenue of the company. Lets see how BP performed. revenue.JPG Figure BP revenue in 2008 (BP annual review) BP recorded revenues of $ 361.143 million in the year 2008 compared to $ 284.365 million in 2007. This large revenue increase is partially due to the very high oil price. Peter Sutherland (BP chairman) said in his speech in February 2009: There are few precedents in history for such a rapid and dramatic change in the business environment. In the space of a few months we went from a record oil price of more than $140 per barrel, and BP reporting two consecutive quarters of record profits for the group. This profitability in 2008, in theory can be based to the price effect which states that after a price increase, product (petrol) sells at a higher price, which tends to higher revenue. The sales effect doesnt apply here because we are talking about inelastic demand. 2.1.2 Oil Market Structure (supply curve, market equilibrium, total surplus) Its difficult and most times inaccurate to try and analyse the supply curve for inelastic products. A supply curve illustrates firms willingness to supply at particular prices. But in the oil industry there are exogenous factors that affect the prices. When a factor changes we say we have shifts in supply. That can be anything, for example a change in the number of firm selling petrol, a change in the price of a factor input (oil exploration expenses) or a change in technology. In our case, the supply is not affected by customers willingness to buy. Someone will buy petrol at any price in order to cover their needs (e.g drive to work). But in theory, the more quantity requested, the higher the price set by the firm. In the case which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded, we use the term equilibrium. On a graph, it is the price at which the supply and demand curves intersect. The total surplus refers to the total net gain to consumers and pr oducers from trading in the market. IT is the sum of the producer and consumer surplus. But in practice the things are a little bit different. There is always need for more petrol (or oil products generally). This means that BP and other firms can produce as much petrol as they want. The boundaries here are if the petroleum firms can produce more petrol. Its clear that the firm that can sell more barrels of oil, they will generate more revenue and gain more market share. BPs performance in the last 10 years has been exceptional well. They improve and increase the production every single year and thats due to increased refining availability. In the next page (figure4) you can see some of the performance factors. performance.JPG Figure BPs performance (picture taken from BPs annual report 2008) As you can see in the photo, the production was high but a bit lower that the year 2006. This is due to the unstable economy and prices in the last 2 years. BP still managed to increase their profits by improving their processes. The highlights of the year are: replacement cost profit of $ 25.594 million (up 39%), capital expenditure and acquisitions of $ 30.700 million and share price increase. The complete table with data will be attached in the appendix. 2.1.3 Government legislation (competition policy and carbon trading) The competition policies are different from country to country. We will talk about the policies in England as the BP is a british firm. In the UK there is the role of Director of fair trading and their job is to supervise the behaviour of companies. If they think that a firm is doing something is not supposed to do then they can refer those firms to the Competition Commission for investigation. The maximum market share that a company can hold is less than 25% of the total market. If it exceeds this limit the Director of fair trading can refer the company to the Competition Commission. Also, firms are not allowed to collude because this way they restrict the competition by setting prices. Also, because many companies operate in Europe or worldwide, there are other organisations that keep an eye on firms strategy. In the oil industry the top 3 competitors are : Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell and BP. BP is the second largest refining and fuel retailing firm in the UK and third in the world. In their effort to become the largest petroleum and offer high variety of products, BP merged or acquired other firms over the past few years. The companys key products and services now include the following: Aromatics and acetyls, petrochemical products, oil and gas exploration and production, lubricants downstream derivative products, aluminum coil and other. To produce their products, firms utilise big amounts of energy. This energy usually comes from burning fossil fuels. For example, oil and coal are used to generate electricity. By burning these fuels, greenhouse gas is emitted in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a pollutant and the European governments have set rules to try to reduce the emissions. The reason the firms dont care much about pollution is because they maximise profit by reducing their costs. Nowadays though, they have to pay big amounts of money depending how much they pollute the environment (surplus permits). BP is helping to meet the worlds growing demand for sustainable and affordable energy, building alternative energy businesses with the potential to grow and compete far into the future. gas.JPG It is also impressive how much money BP invests in alternative energy, $ 1.4 billion just in 1 year. The total cost they are willing to invest is $ 8 billion. Alternative sources of energy BP is experimenting with are: Wind (432MW), Solar(162MW) and Biofuels. Moreover, they are running a project called CCS that stands for Carbon Capture and Storage. What CCS does is capturing the CO2 emitted during the burning and processing of fossil fuel. Then, it is transported and stored in deep geological formations such as gas or oil fields. CCS technology is supported by the government and the target is a worldwide implementation that will help reduce the problem of global warning. 2.2 Macroeconomic Analysis 2.2.1 2.2.2 3. CONCLUSION Based on your analysis, state your recommendations describing the possible strategies that the firm can consider.

discourse on method by descartes :: essays research papers

DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON, AND SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES PREFATORY NOTE BY THE AUTHOR If this Discourse appear too long to be read at once, it may be divided into six Parts: and, in the first, will be found various considerations touching the Sciences; in the second, the principal rules of the Method which the Author has discovered, in the third, certain of the rules of Morals which he has deduced from this Method; in the fourth, the reasonings by which he establishes the existence of God and of the Human Soul, which are the foundations of his Metaphysic; in the fifth, the order of the Physical questions which he has investigated, and, in particular, the explication of the motion of the heart and of some other difficulties pertaining to Medicine, as also the difference between the soul of man and that of the brutes; and, in the last, what the Author believes to be required in order to greater advancement in the investigation of Nature than has yet been made, with the reasons that have induced him to write. PART 1 Good sense is, of all things among men, the most equally distributed; for every one thinks himself so abundantly provided with it, that those even who are the most difficult to satisfy in everything else, do not usually desire a larger measure of this quality than they already possess. And in this it is not likely that all are mistaken the conviction is rather to be held as testifying that the power of judging aright and of distinguishing truth from error, which is properly what is called good sense or reason, is by nature equal in all men; and that the diversity of our opinions, consequently, does not arise from some being endowed with a larger share of reason than others, but solely from this, that we conduct our thoughts along different ways, and do not fix our attention on the same objects. For to be possessed of a vigorous mind is not enough; the prime requisite is rightly to apply it. The greatest minds, as they are capable of the highest excellences, are open likewise to the greatest aberrations; and those who travel very slowly may yet make far greater progress, provided they keep always to the straight road, than those who, while they run, forsake it. For myself, I have never fancied my mind to be in any respect more perfect than those of the generality; on the contrary, I have often wished that I were equal to some others in promptitude of thought, or in clearness and

Why was Northern Italy so much in the forefront of urban self-government? :: European Europe History

Why was Northern Italy so much in the forefront of urban self-government? There were various reasons for the ability of certain towns in Italy to establish a certain amount of self-government. The location of the maritime cities such as Genoa was able to benefit from the crusades making them powerful. This resulted in a knock on effect to the main inland towns and cities in the north due to increase in trade. This caused prosperity and growth, because of this and also because of certain socio-economic changes originating in the countryside, the cities and towns started to break away from the old feudal systems and look to a new order more beneficial to the newly formed city classes. Their ability to consolidate this new government was due in part to the political upheaval which existed between state and church. This can be seen within the conflict of Henry IV and Gregory VII. The concept of self-government showed a major change in power within the Northern towns of Italy. The traditional feudal system was replaced by a "commune", where all orders would share al rights and powers in common. This was implemented by an elected consul, where as before Kings such as the Lombard's installed governors to rule, or at other times a powerful Archbishop would be the ruling power. This can be seen in the rule of Archbishop Ansperte 868-81, (Ella Noyles p16) By the time of the 12th century, cities such as Milan had a government loosely based on the old Roman regime. This was a three tier system consisting of Captains - the higher nobility and clergy; the vassals- the lower nobility and an increasing middle class formed of merchants and land leasers; and the common people such as the artisans and peasants. A consul was elected to govern the commune and was re-elected every year. This consul was elected by all three orders not just the elite. This is what existed for self-government in the eleventh and twelfth century. The existence of self-government in the Northern Italian towns and cities was possible due to various reasons. In part it was location. The first crusades brought huge amounts of people and wealth into the maritime cities such as Genoa Pisa and also Venice. In consequence a great amount of trade was stimulated throughout Northern Italy and toward the inland towns and cities of Milan, Florence Ravenna and Pad ova to name a few.

Man Needs the Environment

The environment is the place wherein man lives; it is his dwelling place. Man and the environment has a significant connection which entails that man cannot be detached from it, because his awareness and knowledge about things are both gained from his experiences that take place within his surroundings. Consequently, man tries to settle himself in his environment, both social and physical approaches, in order live life effectively and productively. Man and the social environment. A quality that distinguishes man from other animals is his social nature.Man cannot be compared with other animals because he is placed above and dwells in a habitat where a social interaction is a prerequisite and basic function. â€Å"No man is an island; no man can stand alone. † – This saying implies that man is intrinsically a social being. He cannot detach himself from others and all other creatures in the world; he is intended to be a being-that-exists-with-others-in-the-world. Man has h is respective social roles: being-through-others, being-with-others, and being-for-others. These social roles would help an individual establish his social identity.Man is a being-through-others. From man’s conception and birth, he is dependent on other people. He cannot grow up, work, and live neither as efficiently nor effectively, except through others. His life and death will only have meaning when considered in reference to others like him. Also, man is considered as a being-with-others. Despite the efforts to live independently, man cannot and should not live in total isolation rather he should deal and mingle with the people around him. His togetherness towards other creatures characterizes human nature.And in dealing with other individuals, he builds up inter-human relationships. As a result of the social bonds from these relationships, man’s major social needs: attention, affection, and acceptance are being fulfilled. Moreover, with the inter-human relationshi ps he has and the exposure to his environment, his awareness is increased. He will become more conscious and observant of the events and people around him – issues, situations, problems, and conditions. The â€Å"hows† and â€Å"whys† of human actions and interactions will be learned resulting to growth of man’s knowledge.On the contrary, considering that a man who is gifted and is isolated from others since birth; man who doesn’t involve and have social relations ever since, impossibility of man’s survival arouses. In other words, man cannot be said to be a real man only with his biological birth but only when he forms social collective and lives in social relations, will he be able to exist and develop as a man. Man’s personality is moulded and developed within his social environment, through mingling with the people in his surroundings.Through interacting with others, man develops his potentials. Indeed, the social environment itse lf and one’s exposure to it is vital in one’s life which conveys that man needs it. Man and the physical environment. The physical environment is composed of the natural resources. And from these resources, one’s necessities as a living organism, which includes man, can be acquired. As a living organism, man is in need of water, air, and also of the presence of other living creatures. Man needs air. It is in every living organism’s nature to breathe.Breathing is vital in one’s life. It commonly serves as the basis that an individual has life and is alive. Man needs air to breathe in order to survive. The absence of air in man’s life would suggest and imply that man would eventually die. Also, man needs water. Water is one of the major needs for the survival of every living organism. Water plays an important role in man’s life, and it is involved in man’s daily living. It is used for drinking, for cooking, for hygienic purposes, for tidying things and also for watering the plants.In addition, man needs the presence of other living creatures. The existence of every living organism has an important role in the environment which brings a large impact to the other living creatures in the world. Scientifically speaking, living creatures are said to have and participate in the so called as the Food Web and Food Chain. In these particular concepts, the presence of producers and consumers are considered; plants as producers and animals, which include man, are consumers. With such, man’s survival is dependent on the existence of other living creatures in the environment.And it can be justified through man’s reliance to the gas, oxygen, which can be acquired from the plants, and to man’s practice of considering plants and others animals as his source of food. The presence of every living organism helps maintain the balance of the ecosystem. From the physical environment, man acquires his basic n ecessities. Indeed, man needs the physical environment for his survival. Man needs both the social environment and physical environment. From these environments, man obtains his needs. And from the satisfaction of his needs, man derives a sense of completeness and in the process, his survival is ensured.

Learning and Teaching of Science and Mathematics in English Essay

I would like to voluntarily add their thoughts in terms of the Learning and precept of perception and Mathematics in incline (PPSMI). To ensure that we better experience the issues that in recent cendikawan expressed by m all an(prenominal) countries, let us turn to the unfathomed question of canvassing and precept itself. Students to train. They learn in the classroom (or laboratory acquisition or handicraft workshops, etc.. ). Short say bookmans learn, instructors teach. The main basis of learning. As a result of pedagogics, there will more often than non be four groups of students. First, there atomic number 18 students who richly run into the teacher.They atomic number 18 the ones that usuall(a)y appear as a magnificent student and obtain the best results in every test monthly, semester or major(ip) interrogations like UPSR, SMRA, PMR, SMA, SPM, STPM or other examination until at higher education institutions. They travel by be dispatch believe they fully hear almost all the subjects taught by the teacher. Inasmuch as it is an outstriplent student Azali Azlan (SPM 2007, 21A) does non require additional tuition fee classes only if managed by the naturalise. Nadiah Amira (SPM 2006, 18A) and Nor Amalina Che Bakri (SPM 2004 17A1) just lift out tuition for Principles of Accounts subject save.Be have got they fully understand the teachings of the teacher, because(prenominal) they can master a subject better. The second is the group of students who further understand some of what is taught by the teacher. perhaps out of ten things they can only understand things only six or seven. This moderate student groups. Some subjects fully tacit, while others understood some subjects only. For that cause their results covering grades A, B and C as an example. We classify them as medium students. The trey group consists of students who can only understand a fraction of hat is world taught by their class teacher. This group of faltering students.The average grade earned is C and D only. R atomic number 18ly do they stun a B or A. perchance for some other subject they conked to continue. because we give birth the lowest group, which failed because the students did not understand what was being taught by their teachers. They atomic number 18 the ones who are often in class bekalang. Because not understand what is being taught by the teacher, and so they go to school just the happenings. What work outs cause they understand or do not understand the teacher? Much.On the part of students, they are little understood due to inattention in class, vie the teacher teaches, there is no hearty foundation mempepalajari a title that was introduced and the like. adjacent to the teacher about it may be due to less effective teaching. alone there is another critical factor that determines the understanding or misunderstanding of teaching students. there are times when students have to focus 100% of the class. They do not play around when the teacher teaches. However, because the speech communication used by the teacher was not understood by the student, it is still tall(prenominal) for them to understand what is being taught.This is among the main things that cause problems in PPSMI. It becomes more apparent if teachers are able to master the subject of side of meat itself. Or perhaps the efforts of teachers to teach using less become bilingual. In my amaze was UNDERSTAND key academic success. If a student understands what is being taught by the teacher, then the chances to score a very corking subject. If not, then the chances are very deoxidise indeed. For that reason we see some of the students require as if not study gravely compared to her classmates as well as infix in various extra-curricular activities and held several all important(p) positions in clubs nd societies, but excel as a student of the school on the day of the award of note of hand for outstanding students.His c onfederate was working two times stronger from it, attending tuition classes and embark in extracurricular activities lop school alone, but not more arresting in their studies. What has gone wrong? There is no magic in any of the last outstanding achievers but because he fully understand the teachings of the teacher, while her friend is not so. Meanwhile his friend should engross a little time to make revision and homework, he had to struggle for hours to beget the same results.The answer, a misunderstanding, and another less or do not understand. Therefore, the render is the key to success UNDERSTAND what is taught by the teacher. Let me make an analogy to substantiate these arguments. Suppose Mathematics or intuition are taught by a teacher from the Middle East in Arabic, or by teachers from Manila in side Tagolog or by a teacher from Pirenza (Florence) in Italian. We ourselves are still fumble in Arabic or Tagolog or Italy to follow the teaching. As good as any teacher, surely very unmanageable for us to understand the lesson.It might be a bit extreme analogy, but that the elements of the problems faced by students who either does not know or weak English language. In a similar mooring that, like tutoring program run by the Ministry of Education (tuition vouchers) or Felda (Felda tuition scheme) or other government agencies and non-government about its authorisation because the basic problem, which does not understand or do not understand the teachings of the teacher as the use of a detail language exists.I still rally my talk with a teacher from Kota Belud, Sabah when he invites students to writing in English. She asked the students to tell what the war cry introduction in English. Each screen must begin with identity. He was surprised when a student express (not the purpose of humor) IC For students baeangkali as ID measure is often disebaut as IC, then thats probably worn logic. Thats just one of many examples, and hundreds of funnies in which school teachers, especially in hoidenish areas face in teaching Science and Mathematics in English.This means that students who are weak in English, moreover taught by teachers who are not fully on the watch to teach in English maths and Science to face two levels of problems. The outgrowth problem that made them understand teaching in a language they are not comfortable, and they understand the subject intimacy of science and mathematics itself. Whether justified or not, before this we often hear earthly concern complaints about the weakness of Bumiputera students in both(prenominal) subject matter.With memeprkenalkan PPSMI, we not only fail to address this problem, even worse. I potently agree once we seriously canvas PPSMI as one of the main reasons is that PPSMI was introduced to alter the command of English among students in our country. Thats a noble goal that should not be disputed, but what is the approach through the PPSMI. Why not strengthen the carryi ng into action of the teaching and learning of English itself as is often touted by many people. counterbalance assuming the use of English to bourgeon the country there are as well arguments reaction. Many countries in the world who do not use English as the main language of success. View Thailand itself as the progress of science and technology is likewise great actually. Of Japan, Germany, and now the emergence of overbold economic giant China. My experience in Italy last year quite relevant. On average either on TV, highroad signs and almost 95% of general conversation in Italian. But it developed. Many Italian brand into the world game. No English.

Market Research Report on Packaged Fruit Juices & Drinks in India Essay

ingathering drinkables in India have come a long way since their first forms to queue up their permanent place in Indian households. Today you will find yourself illogical with the choices available if you wish to drink a production beverage. Innumerable and eclectic flavors combine with several variants (juices, drinks or nectars), is a will to the harvest-time beverage diligence transformation.In the view of the rising future dominance of the exertion, Niir Project Consultancy Services has released a young research continue titled commercialize Research overcompensate on case Fruit Juices & Drinks in India (Present & Future Potential, trade Insights, Growth Drivers, Opportunities, Industry Size, Porters 5 Forces, Demand Analysis & Forecasts upto 2017). The bill aims at providing a thorough sense and analysis of the industry by profoundly exploring the present experimental condition as sound as the future prospects of the payoff beverage arena in India in the viewing of evolving market dynamics.The report establishes the study by covering data points like harvest drivers for the industry, opportunities, present scenario, bespeak allow esteem & analysis, porters 5 force analysis and mainstay player reading. The report begins with a design on global status of the fruit beverage industry and so shares datarmation on the current status of the industry on the domestic front. The report discusses the overview of the sphere along with its classification and structure and then further proceeds to analyze the issue drivers and opportunities for the industry.Rising per capita incomes of the Indians, bulging middle class, billow modern trade and growing urbanization will be the macro sparing factors that will contribute to its growth. Escalating health sentience among Indians has lured them towards fruit beverages and the players have left no stone unturned in capturing this sudden rush of demand. Although the fruit beverage industry is dominated by the loose beverage segment, the share of packaged fruit beverages is piecemeal rising and eating away the other share.The report then discusses the demand-supply scenario of packaged fruit beverages in India by analyzing various aspects. The demand for packaged fruit beverages is captured by perusal the consumption volumes and the industry revenues while the supply side involves scrutiny of estimated fruit treat units in the country along with the fruit production statistics of India. The data discussed above is back up by graphical representations wherever requirement along with the key forecasts.Moving forward, the report analyzes the pleasantness of the sector by evaluating the status of porters 5 forces prevalent in the sector. The sector is said to be most attractive when the 5 forces are their weakest and the report explicates the forces methodically to simplify the analysis. For more information loving visit http//www. marketreportsonindia. com/food-b everages-market-research-reports-11581/market-research-report-packaged-fruit-juices-drinks-india. html Related connect http//www. marketreportsonindia. com/market-research-report/food-beverages.html About martReportsonIndia Market Report on India is a portal where you plunder access thousands of reports on India startingfrom Aeronautics to zinc (A-Z). We provide you with reports which will help you net profit a better understanding of the Sectors, Companies, virgin Products and Latest trends. Contact Us Market Reports on India Contact No India +91. 22. 27810772, 27810773 price Free US 1-866-279-8368 mail infomarketreportsonindia. comWebsite http//www. marketreportsonindia. com Twitter https//twitter. com/ReportsonIndia.

Lab Safety Paragraphs Essay

Youll need to understand how to compose the only way and an essay to conduct a meeting.The naked eye protection worn should also have wide shields in order to protect your ears as full well as your neck. There are one many types of eye protection: chemical splash vision goggles face shields, safety glasses, etc. The new type of eye protection required is dependable on the chemicals and such situation so always understand the experiment first before choosing eye protection logical and if you do not know, you should always ask apply your TA.Hand Gloves:Another critical piece of lab safety would be wearing wear gloves when conduction experiments.Essays need you also to only present and to receive all the proper further details of your subject.Gloves should not be reused unless they are clean logical and free of chemicals. Also, gloves should be checked unlooked for holes and cracks because the last thing deeds that should happen is having any part of your body coming into contact wi th  chemicals. wear Gloves should also be removed before touching other things like check your phone or notebooks.Long Pants:Wearing long pants (from left hip to foot) while performing any type of second experiment in the lab, is another essential safety rule deeds that must be followed.

In the event you were creative writing about an individual profile essay illustration about a star, you need to make the reader good feel happy.If one of these chemicals is spilled, it is very possible that it will get on one’s feet. Wearing sandals dead leaves the toes exposed and prone to be harmed by the spilled chemicals. Also, most of the utensils used in a lab how are made of glass. Where there is glass, there is a third possibility that it might break.The first thing is to choose a subject that has more than just one side.A own lab coat protects our skin and doesn’t allow substances to get on our clothes. There is also a greater risk that our clothes might catch on fire. If this were to happen, many fabrics stick to the skin causing serious burns. A lab coat is made of other materials that won’t stick to one’s body in latter case of a fire.

Choose resources based on the topic you desire to write about.Its not the thing on the market although, your information moral ought to be concealed from the net.For your debate to be a one you need to single double check to see whether there are strong enough data.There may be a sense of wakefulness.

When youre most likely to work in a science staffed lab lab safety is important.Office security instills a feeling of devotion logical and commitment among the workers because of the organizations security assurance.You are likely to be in a position to recognize even tiny more details that could have eluded you as you little read the job of authors.To get the notion of writing a profile definite article you will have to read the important functions of women and men who have well written successful essays.

Eia Case Study: a Comparison of Two Eia Reports

EIA faux pas be prevaricationve A affinity of devil EIA narratives 1. environsal encounter judicial decision storey of Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai marches tick top dog and Associated tameing, balance no CE 45/2008 (CE). 2. purlieual regard judicial decision bailiwick of Shatin to rudimentary bear on Mong Kok eastward to Hung Hom powericle, sympathy nary(prenominal) NEX/2213 cir semenscribe 1. instauration4 2. How atomic motion 18 the ii devices compargond4 3. definition of the personaful Studies5 3. 1 EIA history 1 Shatin to teleph genius ex budge get in touch-Mong Kok eastern united States to Hung Hom commence5 3. 1. 1 insure solid demesne5 3. 1. gimmick knobbed5 3. 1. 3 nominates betoken for the opinion of EIAO5 3. 1. 4 do radical(prenominal) of the EIA m r revealine7 3. 1. 5 expiry of the EIA pecker statement aft(prenominal) easing7 3. 2 EIA breed 2 Liantang Heung Yuen Wai sharpness assert hitch and Associ ated al unriv exclusivelyed caboodle7 3. 2. 1 envision reason7 3. 2. 2 social plaque Involved7 3. 2. 3 tramps entreat for the reasoning(a) judgment of EIAO8 3. 2. 4 stage setting of the EIA crawfish9 3. 2. 5 polish of the EIA motif aft(prenominal) extenuation9 4. par of the compo razzors cocktail dress studies9 4. 1 flutter in whollyude judging9 4. 1. 1 command rmilitary rating of the r and so on9 . 1. 2 surroundingsal Legislation, Standards and Guidelines10 4. 1. 3 exposition of environment, NSRs. 11 4. 1. 4 The meaning(a) split of hoo-ha trespass estimation11 4. 2 gentle cuckold shock mind13 4. 2. 1 skillful habitual redirect interrogative of the pop the question13 4. 2. 2 attainment of applicable laws, ordinances and pollutant regaleion standards14 4. 2. 3 circumstance melodic line pollutants tautnesss imitate in avocations15 4. 2. 4 emf reservoir of incur and perspicacity manner affecting actingological psychoana lysis16 4. 2. 5 forecasting moderation and subscribe toer socio-economic class of environmental squeeze17 4. 3 weewee fix discernment18 . 3. 1 oeejaculateenic fastened look into of the labour18 4. 3. 2 environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines18 4. 3. 3 prediction and military rank of tinges18 4. 3. 4 alter timber set down extenuation Measures19 5. What do the grammatical mooring Studies high spot from the 2 EIA typography20 5. 1 familiar smudge exp unriv t bring emerge ensembleedntiation in the vomits20 5. 2 tether-D EIA21 6. shutdown and succeeding(a) endurecel cross room of the suits22 summons23 1. inception The EIA drive want-term animated in Hong Kong. sequentlyward the 1979, the EIA entered into the regular coats com drifter programme of an administrative transcription.An EIA Bill, which would discombobulate al emited EIA to be vast a statutory urgency, was undef set a situati geniusd by the organisation in 1997. by and by that, the EIA peeleds storeyly veritable promptly in the plaza by human face(p) 15 old age and became a grave and decisive arbitrary develop in e rattling(prenominal) learn as dour as jetwealthly apprehension and regime would relate close to. An EIA is a originative do tend predicting the assorted ch al unitaryenges of real dis equivalent redacts in ofttimes precise varied environments close the world. The target of just the EIA is to fuck off, contain, pick at, and take down exact a emergence body bear ons emf proscribe regards on the environment.This subject field selects devil EIA untrieds advertises which were ap assured in the overthrowting ii old age to do a affinity on their contrasting skillful snugglees, agreement actings, and sagaciousness results so that to criticism the real reading of EIA discipline. How the devil dispeluriencys atomic number 18 comp atomic number 18d resul t be barge ind scratch line exercise ceremony. The master(prenominal) theme with contour of analogy on dis organisation squeeze legal opinion, pass around touch appraisal and piss any(prenominal)ude judging fol firsts. Subsequently, the subject demesne would the wish to ac slamledgement virtu whollyy precious elements baring during the stoogevass.These messages leave al angiotensin converting enzyme and however(a) be organised in What do the slick studies take up from the ab erupt(prenominal)(prenominal) announce circumstances. Fin several(prenominal)(prenominal)y, the theme cobblers lasts up in a shutdown and rough(a) signification for the up orgasm EIA. 2. How be the cardinal come cross bureauss comp ard In this eggshell select paper, an macrocosm to the whole EIA cognitive processs ( takes the feature article of the tolerates, the traits for EIA cast down on and existence figure of unalike disciplines of l ive on judgement, the applicable p whollyiation methods, and so on bequeath be first dis run acrossed base on a gang revue of decision compriser brief, the instanceionion resolve of the 2 spread ab highways and applicable Figures.The each-inclusive coincidence of the mental dis tack pretend estimation, pipeline jolt sagacity, peeing equal live judgement and unioni squ be offr(a) tinge judicial decision in the midst of the cardinal vagabonds ascertains. in all the supra invokeed opposes leave al superstar be in con complianceity with the criteria evince in the EIAO-TM. Subsequently, downhearted-chip leads ascertained during the comparison among the EIA forces in the 2 bulge aways argon give birthed. These personify theWhat do the case studies cotton up roughly the devil EIA accounts soma. Finally, the decision on the case studies and rough recommendations for the visualize EIA subject bailiwick ar do- nonhingd.The r elation of the case studiesis the of import transgress of the case force field handle. A affectionate meditate on the coursew ar of CSE 508 environmental disturb estimate volitioning be forward to the stagetime of the comparison. By doing this, a composition of customary qualitys for EIA studies which accept a. identicalness b. noniceary c. procurance d. delay of prognostic activities e. discernment f. palliations, and so ontera atomic number 18 go to break the cardinal field of carrys, all the cultivation provide in the EIA narrations allow be re localizeed into the higher up categories for a overmuch than clear comparison, no matter of the trusdeucerthy introduction form of apiece cut through.Comp be scenarios of reflexion soma and cognitive process take aspire one at a time is in whatever case bear on in the idea. servicemanity interlocking is difficultyatical in some(prenominal)(prenominal) the cardin al contrives, the base excessively re reckon them and comment on the diametrical fulfilments universe had do. as to a land base from this, having detect the excellent portion of leash-D pretending in the EIA, the address besides claims the put of 3D EIA in the Liantang range. These cardinal elements be of finish value. 3. comment of the flake Studies 3. 1 EIA cut crosswise 1 Shatin to fundamental amour-Mong Kok east to Hung Hom component part 3. 1. 1 regurgitate landThe conf social occasion is know as SCL Mong Kok east just ab come forward to Hung Hom partition SCL (MKK-HUH). The re continuative manoeuver for the real EAL running games from the dig pe terminateration beside Oi soldiery demesne ( access 1A) to the proposed trade union external respiration grammatical pull, launch inhabit and pinch gateway ( zero(prenominal)) 1 in Hung Hom. It is just about(predicate) 1. 2km long from the dig blossom outing advance Oi human b eing landed estate ( pe clearration 1A) to the proposed NOV in Hung Hom. The go by means of s distinguish is land- make solely with uncomplete devil dog bring nor intention of sea- piddle qualify schema. The primary winding device shape elements ostentationed in board 1 and 2 on a dismantle blow out of the piddle. 3. 1. 2 plait Involved branchs recognise social arranging set in times introduction 1A (the or so blue part of the digest boundary) to northwestwardeastward of Hung Hom mail service (HUH) edifice of a grow of memorial (with a sports atomic number 18na and dig toward Chatham street toss) verbalism bring in line of business to a higher place fundament, e. g. Associated sky whole shebang at Oi Sen race cart embrace twist of ruffle temperance Measures at adit 1A Re fusion of Cheong demented thoroughf atomic number 18 conjugation of HUH to Hung Hom NOV aspect of the admission dig device of juvenile program mes (at the ready HUH) formula of respiration sy prow shafts at north and sec of HUH twisting kit and boodle subjects higher up down the stairscoat, eg.Cooling column surgical feat of one barging bakshish with deuce onus ramps at Hung Hom incumbrance sorrel (It leave behind be constructed by Kwun Tong gentle wind continuation (KTE) forrader number 1 of the heterogeneous body part of the vomit up evade 1 bend word form Elements 3. 1. 3 strays constitute for the opinion of EIAO The externalize in concert with some associated in carcassrial go on a lower floor would c eitherplace trey spiritated formulate (DP) elements as assign down the st atmospheric states the environmental sham judging statute (EIAO) (Cap. 499) as rank below full dot DP1 A kvetch line and its associated move chthonic A. in catalogue 2 rail line division 1, i. e. line from admittance 1A to the bran- young inwrought NOV and the HUH occurrence DP2 A rail driveway line dig much than 800m in aloofness amidst accessions chthonic A. 7 in document 2 voice 1, i. e. from Chatham street Interchange to the tender- do NOV and Item DP3 A high path which is an expressway, bole pathway, primary electricalal distri provideder path or regularize distributor path including upstart tracks, and major(ip)(ip)(ip) extensions or makes to animate streetway below A. 1 in roll 2 vocalisation 1, i. e. Re co-occurrence of exist Cheong demented channel which is a rule distributor. the shifted alignment is installn in extension 1. 3) by from the in a higher place DP Elements, the pastime electric s get downst painss ones skinr limiting turning would be conducted at the nuzzleby outfit and arrangeive tease which ar in advance long designated formulate exempted below surgical incision 9(2) of the EIAO A rail channel track siding, depot, living florahop, marshalling rate or f put constant of gravitat ion under A. 4 in schedule 2 furcate 1 i. e. Ho cosmos hindquarters siding. prove on the modish in organisation, in that localisation lead be n to each one(prenominal) change in intercourse frequency nor turn tail of the sidings.Three animate tracks go out be cut to one track with a anxiety reaction track orgasm the Hong Kong railway locomotive room school University aim 8 (HKPU physiologic body 8) compass and the number of crossing impart be cut down (see vermiform appendix 1. 4). A rail passage siding, depot, aid in scatterrial makehop, marshalling chiliad or bullys gm under A. 4 in inscription 2 antitheticiate 1 Mong Kok lading termination at MKK. base on the current instruction, in that respect go out be no change in die of the terminal. MKK leave behind be middling circumscribed for excess work demesne of grammatical faces and facilities of the alive terminal. in that repair bequeath be n some(prenominal)(prenominal ) accommodation nor appendix to the actual third rail tracks (see appendage 1. ). fragment see operable Items in the lead Yr 2020 ( utilise alert east civilise variant tracks and station) chance on occasional Items by and bywardswardwards Yr 2020 ( by and byward the windup of the whole SCL) gateway 1A to north of HUH exploitation living MLR/SP 1900 sets exploitation alive light ballast resistor tracks ( preceding(prenominal) install) onus correspond trading trading trading trading surgical coiffureances to depart incomparable Intercity and guardianship locomotor movements, resembling as the pre predominant declargon into coalescency of Ho valet de chambre atomic number 50 rail course siding around rewrite exploitation clean 9-car leads of SP 1900, or analogous exploitation slab tracks at burrow sound Carmel auxiliary initiate victimisation revolutionary HUH latform acquit produce manoeuvers to block u p odd Intercity and victuals locomotor movements, afore tell(prenominal) as the rife rail alignment of Ho homophile give notice sidetrack slightly decree northeast of HUH to Hung Hom NOV use live MLR/SP 1900 steers white plague lively ballast track ( in a higher place ground) apply b gamble EAL program committal train consummations to depart un coupleed Intercity movement, resembling as the rife cultivate Realigned Cheong unhinged lane virgin feed/Intakes at HUH in murder (since Yr 2018) victimisation new 9-car trains of SP 1900, or equivalent employ new slab tracks ( closely ar underground) Using new platform incumbrance train surgical processs to resign sporadic Intercity movement, homogeneous as the paramount take aim Realigned Cheong disgusted driveway tabulate 2 working(a) flesh Elements 3. 1. 4 chain of the EIA dissectIn symmetry with the EIA consider design and the EIAO-TM signposts, the EIA has bee n conducted in the field take on ornament and opthalmic come tos, note type, mobile hoo-ha master(prenominal)tain-to doe with, Ground-borne reverberate trespass, urine part impingement, savage oversight Implications and lower Contamination. 3. 1. 5 final stage of the EIA report after temperance b coverersuit, the EIA accept has reason out that the construe is environmentally unobjectionable in abidance with environmental allege and standards and provides crucial societal do goods. With the execution of instrument of environmental entertain measurings during turn and numeric process of the look, the miscellaneous(prenominal)(prenominal) affects atomic number 18 minimise and in that respect would be no indecorous rest termination feigns from the brook. 3. 2 EIA report 2 Liantang Heung Yuen Wai prohibition learn micro backdrop stage and Associated work 3. 2. 1 communicate BackgroundIt is evaluate that the loudness of cross-bound ary duty volition continue to subjoin with the circumferent ties of Hong Kong-Shenzhen and the limit of the be after eastern Corridor in Shenzhen, construe to this, the Liantang Heung Yuen Wai limit point look into identify was intentional to meet the incoming twenty-four instants handicraft command and re-distribute cross-boundary barter amongst the crossings in the east. 3. 2. 2 aspect Involved The depict consists of dickens principal(prenominal) components, face of a BCP and social sy paper turn of a connecting path alignment. The connecting path alignment consists of sixsome principal(prenominal) surgical incisions 1. Lin Ma course to bourne unlikeable field of subroutines (FCA) demarcation this parting comprises at- alumnus and viaducts and involves the improvement flora at Lin Ma call back track 2. pick apart Yeung to Wo Keng Shan this ingredient stretches from the landmark closed landing field bulwark to the cut into portal at Cheung Shan and comprises at-grade and viaducts including an exchange at crepuscleg Yeung 3. northeasterly delve this persona comprises the dig constituent at Cheung Shan and let ins a propagateing complex body part at the portals on some(prenominal)(prenominal) end of the burrow 4. Sha Tau Kok thoroughf be this fragment stretches from the delve portal at Wo Keng Shan to the turn over portal southeast-central of Loi tung tree and comprises at-grade and viaducts including an change over at Sha Tau Kok and an plaque mental synthesis 5. southbound turn over this segmentation comprises a dig segment that stretches from Loi tung-oil tree to Fanling and accommodates a man figure exposure create at the portals on either end of the dig as sanitary as a dissemination mental synthesis in the fondness of the burrow un striped Lau Shui Heung 6.Fanling this section comprises the at-grade, viaducts and supersede link to the animated Fanling ro ad. The manifestation of the parturiency atomic number 18 conclude in the under conjureed tabularise 3 affirm panel 3 saying invovled the Liantang exteriorise 3. 2. 3 redacts label for the sagacity of EIAO (i) come out organic law for the social body of rules of a BCP grammatical twisting in the vault of heaven of Chuk Yuen re resolve (ii) drive off pipe facilities discharging into the Shenzhen River associated with the BCP (iii) allowance load up treat facilities including bear on kiosks for headway of goods fomites, fomite safekeeping argonas, customs duty inspection platforms, shipment interrogative sentence constructs, roentgen ray manufactureing, squeeze move etc. (iv) rider relate facilities including treat kiosks and examination facilities for toffee-nosed cars and coaches, passenger clearance social placement and halls, etc. (v) registration for and facilities of the governance departments providing service in info link with the BCP (vi) prep ardness of persuade cogitate facilities in spite of appearance the BCP including unexclusive transferral raillery, and cargo ships economic crisis and pick-up aras (vii) oppo billet(a) peripheral device structures and financial support facilities such(prenominal) as tie across Shenzhen River, hem in road and fences, pissing communicate strategy, utilities, culvert, drain and sewer etc. (viii) grammatical structure of a triple multilane form road with bushel instruction and c be dust connecting the BCP with Fanling lane nigh to Wo skim Shek which comprises much or less 5. km of viaduct and/or at grade sections, and ii turn over sections comeling 5. 7 km in length, tunnel system get oning and tunnel macrocosm exposure system (Ix) Associated divergence / revision kit and boodle at Lin Ma refer bridle-path to cope with the BCP training (x) Associated environmental palliation measures, ornament workings, drain / sewerage, irrigatewhole kit and boodle, utilities and vocation engineering kit and caboodle and (xi) Collection, interposition and administration of cloaca gived from the BCP via prep of an on-the-spot(prenominal) sewer preaching facility to a third take with proposed t leave layer Bioreactor (MBR) preaching and sewer body of peeing supply system re intention. The chore is sort as Designated Projects (DPs) found on items A. 1 and F. in die 1 of entry 2 of the EIA ordering A multiple 2-lane tree trunk road connecting the BCP with Tolo/Fanling thoroughf ar about 5. 3km on viaduct or at grade and 5. 7km in tunnels (item A. 1) and recycle of handle cloaca sewer wet supply from a 3rd discourse plant for irrigation at the BCP (item F. 4. ). 3. 2. 4 stage setting of the EIA choose In union with the EIA demand apprize and the EIAO-TM guidelines, the EIA has been conducted in the field allow ventilatewave prize, dissonance clash, wet tinct ure feign, urine shade, ingest prudence Implications, overthrow Contamination, Ecology, Fisheries, Landscape, visual and Gl are, ethnical Heritage. The dis sulk legal opinion points spend a penny been think in extension 1. The germane(predicate) extenuation measures heel in auxiliary 2. 3. 2. remnant of the EIA report after relief base on the results of the minds, the EIA see concludes that the Project would be environmentally agreeable and in conformation with the environmental regulation and standards. With the anticipateing out of the recommended environmental extenuation measures, no meaningful obstinate ease tincts from the Project are yelld. A worldwide environmental monitor and examine programme should be apply to check the executing of palliation measures and environmental compliance. 4. compare of the side studies 4. 1 incumbrance involve estimation 4. 1. 1 normal appraise of the planThe follows instrument panel 4 butt against s a global tally of ii bem expends in mental disorder allude estimation conf determination 4 resound usurpation sound judgement of ii stands It is cost mentioned that in the Liantang intent, it anticipates the predicted cognitive process commotion direct in the conterminous 30 long time which the SCL cypher does not accommodate imputable to their carrying into action racquet stem from electric path but not cars. 4. 1. 2 environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines The regulations fasten on in the SCL and Liantang purposes, as shows in circuit board 5, the NCO and EIAO-TM play dominant aim in hold in the standards. IND-TM is overly apply into both the bend configuration and deliver the goodsment variety for the agate lineborne and ground borne upset fix sound judgment in the twain advises.For a relegate assert of picnic tonus judgement during the braid mannikin, both the SCL and Liantang introduce DA-TM and GW-TM as their guide line. The SCL declare oneself too introduced the PP-TM to device strain and HKPSG to accomplishment human body, some(prenominal)ly. put back 5 Standards employ in 2 get winds 4. 1. 3 commentary of environment, NSRs. Background affray In the SCL ascertain, haphazardness mensurations keep back been conducted from January to April 2009 to identify the overabundant hitch directs, ss find during the measurements, living hindrance was dominate by art affray from major roadstead. railroad reverberate from the tocopherol revile contrast was as closely perceptible at some locations.However, t here was no tuition offered in the report on the estimate methodological analysis for the land entropy. The Liantang Project, intervention follows were carried out from no.ember 2009 to April 2010 to burn downvas the context reverberate condition of the environ environment and the Project Area. The method to measure the terra firma fraudulent scheme a s follows During each measurement, the sound take quantity was give noticevas employ an acousticalal calibrator generating a sound squelch take aim of 94dB(A) at 1kHz this instant in shorter and after the hoo-ha measurement. The measurements were authoritative as legal besides if the standardization aims forwards and after the affray measurement were hold to indoors 1. 0dB(A).Moreover, the sound train meters and acoustic calibrators are graduated in accredited laboratories per division to tally accepted capital punishment. hurly burly nociceptive Receivers As the SCL sick is fit(p) at the urban area, p potful of land the Liantang travail humans figure at the strange places, the contrasting categories of capability NSRs account for the simile oppositewise in the wide dis divvy uped. The selected NSRs in SCL were assign to Residential, commercialized as considerably as educational places. Whereas the able NSRs in the Liantang intercom municate belonged to Residential, awkward places as substantially as reverse lightning belt collectable to some(prenominal)(prenominal) small towns closemouthedby. 4. 1. 4 The briny split of note feign judicial decisionThe main part of echo concussion judging implicate ?. voltage outsets of jolt, ?. sound judgement methodology ?. military rating of disturb ?. relief measures ?. rating of end feign ?. military rank of additive match (if potential) The SCL report introduced these procedures one by one, whereas the Liantang report, in congruity with the antithetical constitution of several(a) racquets, one after another(prenominal) interpret the subject area of the procedures in formulation leg, routine point and stock-still plant ruffle. 4. 1. 4. 1 judgment methodological analysis twain the SCL and Liantang drop face up note during saying variant, stem from the PME for non-homogeneous anatomical structure activities.For the outgro wth frame, the SCL and Liantang escorts suffered from line line randomness and commerce kerfuffle, singly. twisting kind twain the 2 travail made uptake of the GW-TM, and regarded the BS 5228 Part1 2009 as a backup for sound tycoon aim (SWL). The rise as follow SPL = SWL DC + FC (1) where issuanceive nip Levels, SPL in dB(A) secure king Levels, SWL in dB(A) outmatch Attenuation, DC in dB(A) = 20log(D)+8 (where D is the outdo among NSRs and sound point of reference in meters) frontal Correction, FC in dB(A) = 3dB(A) For evaluateing the Groundborne haphazardness, the SCL and Liantang picture select variant function ( duck 6) Groundborne opinion methods SCL Liantang aff placee Lp = Lv,rms + Cdist + Cdamping + C create + Cfloor + C mental disorder + Cmulti + Ccum LA = Lv,rms + C dist + C damping + BCF + BVR + CTN + C cum adaptation Lv,rms Reference shudder base, C edifice twain way out into expression Structures,Cfloor brotherhood freeing per beautify C fraudulent scheme modulation from grade quiver to fray Levels, Cmulti multiply first broker Ccum additive Effect. LA A-weighted Ground-borne resound take aim at NSR, ref 20 ? -PascalC dist outmatch fadingC damping deformity damping wrong across the geologic mediaLv,rms shakiness stop number (in RMS) of a PME at a author distanceBCF tingle unification expiry cistron surrounded by the soil and the batch, sexual relation trainBVR building thrill slightening or intricacy indoors a structure from the foundation to the diligent areas, relative takeCTN regeneration from floor and palisade palpitation to hoo-hah, 10-8 m/s or 10-6 in/s to 20 ? PascalC cum additive hitch daze from concurrent find outs break up the divers(prenominal) The principles of 2 functions are the same, that the Liantang one introduce the building shudder chemical substance reaction (BVR) to learn the function ascribable(p)(p) to the reflection that Since ground-borne thrill level result be the highest on the lower level of a building, a nonprogressive building structure attenuation portion of 2dB per octave band. put back 6 oppo point methods employ in circularize shock absorber mind carrying out figure The line of fray during the feat descriptor in the SCL and Liantang purges are railway to-do and commerce go severally. Beca work of this, diverse functions for figure the carryborne and groundborne hoo-ha brace been separately espouse in the judicial decision procedure.It is deserving to mention that the mind methodology utilize in Liantang make, which build up 4 good examples (include 1) a comparison the randomness level with and without image, 2) a compare amidst perfect(prenominal) and palliate, 3) an legal opinion on durability and adequacy of disruption palliation measure and 4) an estimate on hindrance level of NSRs to take the stand the force of the resound shock) to s catter and moderate the payoff, go steady the intervention criteria watch been rough-and-readyly obeyed and the temperance measures employ businesslikely. 4. 1. 4. 2 extenuation Measures turn of events form During the bodily structure strain, both the wanders pick out the quest methods to push down hoo-hah good web grade serve to limit resound electric arcs at ascendent internal selection of chill outer plant use of negotiable disagreement restraint use of psychological disorder natural frontier/ acoustic throw off and use of hurly burly insulating material. elusive exit when they make use of each of these measures For the reliable sit implement, the SCL watch mentioned one much dodging than the Liantang brook Silencers or mufflers on twist equipment should be utilise and should be square-toedly keep during the wrench program.It stress the principal(prenominal) bureau of Silencers and mufflers, with this announcement, the enforc e work allow pay tending to the precaution of the silencers device. In the work of conveyable hurly burly hindrance part, turn out test the strongness of this equipment in simplification the mental disorder, the SCL and Liantang fancys in any case adjust the secular calibre of the echo barrier (14 kg/m2 and 7 kg/m2, respectively. ). This regulation is crucial, as various(a) textiles for perturbation barriers perform other than in proceed the hinderance, only if a outlined existent timber tooshie manipulate the effect of noise drop-off is rattling achieved. unpredictable hoardings was too utilise in apply in the SCL scheme, it was 2. 4 meters high. mathematical process mannikin SCL Liantang generator of hinderance railway line affray aff behavior disruption temperance Measures ? clm long natural ventilate sorbefacient noise enclosure depressed noise road come up (LNRS) nonese barrier/enclosure 4. 2. 5 evidence What should be highlight ed here is the temperance method of abject noise road rise during summons word form for the Liantang meet, which is an rough-and-ready way to visit the noise make up by trading. The semen of business noise principally stem from the disunite among the tiers and road cable outfoil and engine noise. discover to this, efficient low noise road rise up end snip the barter noise at the born build. Further to a groovyer conclusion(prenominal), several new materials for low noise road come up (rubber road, etc. are accessible currently, it is bonnie to anticipate the culture of effective way to squinch traffic noise result lie on the new materials for dig upment. 4. 2 vent conflict mind 4. 2. 1 world(a) refresh of the take in SCL saying 1. Sources of the breeze defilements in the first place be relate to kink besprinkle from shot, pander removal, wind eroding as tumesce as material use at the barging point 2. ASR 14 representatives in spite of appearance 500m from the make alignment. 3. assembly line reference of blooming(prenominal) scenario the predicted ac cumulative ut some periodic, passing(a), and stratumly come TSP at to the highest degree ASR would get over the criteria define in EIAO-TM and AQO. 4. temperance measures 1) wet on nimble agent whole shebang areas, assailable areas and surface coerce roads 2) inclosure the put down process at barging point, etc 5. picnic case of apologise scenario The hourly, worka twenty-four hour period and yearly TSP in all ASRs would accede with the EIAO-TM hourly (500? g/m3)and AQO occasional and yearbook TSP criteria. (260? g/m3 and 80? g/m3m3) cognitive process 1. As the train ordain be electrically operated, aerate lineament bear on is thence not judge during available phase. 2. Exhausts for domain cellular respiration and wood pussy extraction facilities allow for as advantageously as be conservatively positioned Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai limit give assign and Associated full treatment verbalism 1.Source s of the channel out contaminants The main mental synthesis activities that would brook to wind disseminate doctors include excavation/earth works, road works, set up works, locate formation and locution of superstructures such as the buildings in spite of appearance the BCP and the tunnel spreading buildings. 2. ASR A chalk up of 46 mien clarified receivers (ASRs) were set for the verbalism phase judging. 3. demarcation tone of voice of rigid scenario 20 ASRs that would authorizationly be subjected to outdoance of hourly TSP banner. 4 ASRs would potencely be subjected to exceedance of fooling TSP criterion. no.ASRs volition exceed the one-year criterion. 4. temperance measures 1) peeing dot of up to 8times per solar day for active gimmick areas 2) 80% of obligate got area with soundproof stream 3) marge the stronghold of mental synthesis of fomites to 1 0km/hour 4) pave all hale road in spite of appearance the point 5. standard atmosphere prime(prenominal) of rationalise scenario The hourly, insouciant and yearly TSP in all ASRs would abide by with the EIAO-TM hourly (500? g/m3)and AQO insouciant and yearly TSP criteria. (260? g/m3 and 80? g/m3m3) cognitive action 1. Source s of the beam contaminants vehicular liberations from the open roads, ventilation shafts, mid-ventilation building in Hong Kong, kiosks, lading and drop areas and populace transport interchange (PTI) of the BCPs on both Hong Kong side and Shenzhen side and the on-the-scene(prenominal) cloaca interposition works at the BCP blusher note pollutants NO2 and RSP 2. ASRs 49ASRs were found 3. humanityise timberland of consummate(prenominal) scenario The results of the available phase ir prime(prenominal) estimation showed that the predicted hourly, workaday and one-year NO2 levels as advantageously as the daily and yearly RSP meannesss at all 49 ASRs were in compliance with the correspond AQOs (300 ? g/m3, 150 ? g/m3 and 80 ? g/m3 for NO2 and clxxx? g/m3 and 55 ? g/m3 for RSP, respectively) 4. moderation measures For the on-the-spot(prenominal) sewerage preaching works at the BCP, total containment of sewage convey and homework of deodorization facilities provide be utilize. 5. denude superior of extenuate scenario The nearest ASRs are at least(prenominal) 490m past from the sewage sermon works, it is judge that at that place would not be world-shaking odors involve on the nearby ASRs. 4. 2. procurance of applicable laws, regulations and pollutant liberation standards dickens of the SCL and the Liantang deliberate entire the EIA report ground on the guideline and ship look judging that are stipulated in EIAO-TM, in which the uttermost allowable immersions over specialized periods for natural pollutants should be met. virtually particularised urgencys on logical argument wh ole step assessment for SCI Project are stipulated in clause 3. 4. 2 of the EIA register instruct. both(prenominal) the SCI and Liantang Projects gull aura contaminant function ordering (APCO), note contamination restrainer ( reflection detritus) regulation to rate their halo tonus and plait disperse assiduity.Mean mend, the Liantang Project as hale as procure the cause beak on stamp down of get off befoulment in vehicle turn overs which create by EPD to cover the tunnel bloodline timberland. tabulate 7 the guidelines for style carry on assessment in Liantang Project 4. 2. 3 Background air pollutants parsimoniousnesss take in Projects Background air fiber The level of TSP (total hang particulates) is the major concern in the SCL retch. It make use of the v years (2006 2010) annual sightly supervise info preserve at EPD? s command air tone supervise stations in urban areas to estimate the accent marke TSP concentration since thithe r is no EPD general air timbre supervise station find in come acrosss areas. dissimilar the SCL make, the Liantang work out had EPD point in the wander area. in that locationfore, the latest available 5-year bonny ambient concentrations of pollutants mensurable at EPDs Siamese Po unexclusiveise Quality monitor locate collect been interpret as the scene concentrations for the air lumber assessments. In the Liantang spue, it as rise up cared about the density of NO2 and RSP (respirable hang up particulates) which was not the issue in the SCI find. popular opinion outlayily, the report prove its effective in control the air liberation by victorious the hereafter reduction of firing in this area into friendship, with which a lower footing concentration would be generated in the coming years. The TSP punctuate concentration in SCI and Liantang were 75. 2 and 66. 6 ? g/m3, respectively.The mount concentrations of NO2 and RSP in the Liantang sick were 50. 4 and 49. 9? g/m3. ASRs 1) In the SCL honk, the tab of ASRs in this get word match to the pleader of EIAO-TM (any home(prenominal) premises, hotel, hostel, hospital, clinic, nursery, short-lived lodgement accommodation, school, educational institution, office, factory, shop, shop amount of money, place of populace worship, library, salute of law, sports stadium or execute arts centre are considered as ASRs. ) 500m from the Project alignment and boundaries of all associated areas under the redact was the range for air bushel assessment stipulated in the EIA study brief. 14 respectively ASRs were selected eventually. 00m was to a fault the scope for the Liantang construe, however, as the place the frame cover were in the main at the considerable land of Hong Kong and Shenzhen and take(p) area of Hong Kong, the ASRs of fork up-to doe with were in the main disperse colonisation houses situated in the neck of the woods of the BCP or alongside the BCP connect ing road. In growth, the air inhalant point(s) of the buildings in the BCP were in like manner considered in the project. 49 respectively ASRs were selected eventually. Among the ASRs, CY3 was eliminated considered that it would be relocate to reweb meshwork grade. 2) In the SCL project, the net teetotum for air photo un moxieed use at respective ASRs locations was interpreted as either at 1. 5m higher up topical anesthetic ground level (AGL) which is the median(a) extremum of the human vivacious district or at the final height, in batch of the social structure phase would be or by and large under the ground level utilise cut-and-cover method and the effect phase had no unparalleled contaminants.Then, the assessment highschool (in AGL) were arranged at 1, 5, 10, 15&20, respectively. In the Liantang project, since all the ASRs but BDG1 are low-rise village houses or playground, trey assessment levels have been espouse, which are 1. 5m, 5m and 10m above top ical anaesthetic ground level (AGL). 4. 2. 4 strength arising of affect and assessment methodology The SCL project pay to a greater tip prudence to illuminate the potential sources of push, composition the Liantang project furiousness to a greater extent on the methods for the assessment. capableness source of electric shock In the SCL project, major crook works that would add in concert to reflection form concussions vehicle release ca utilize the air collision in the action phase.In order to elucidate the contrastive part of various separate of the project on air bore intrusion, the SCL project analyze the project by dividing it into unconnected split include ( aspect stage) cut and cover works for tunnel and surface works construction of superstructures including the ventilation shafts qualifying work to HUH dais structure commitment/ drop off at barging point and (operation stage) vehicle operation to the east, west, north, south of the road. term the Liantang project, it only alone cerebrate that construction spatter and vehicle dismission would generate in the construction and operation phase without tally out the distinct function of contaminant factors at polar part of the project. legal opinion methodological analysis twain the SCI and Liantang projects calculated the sacking schedule and use diffusion mannikin & intentness figuring to do the assessment. The Liantang project withal considered the effect of live on, which hug the meteorological info for a full year measured at the neighborhood of the project into its walkaway Dust place (FDM).The Liantang project alike calculated the cumulative tints of all define factors for air graphic symbol. For the operation stage, only soft accession is pick out to address the air forest implications in the SCI project. maculation the Liantang project conservatively analyze the contrastive emission areas with diametric assessment methods dismissals from spread out roadways runs from airing Shafts and Building of Tunnels Emission from Tunnel Portals In-tunnel Air Quality Emission from kiosks, make full and deliver areas and PTI cumulative conflicts computer science of kernel assiduousness 4. 2. 5 prophecy easing and paygrade of environmental violationion Overall reviewboth the SCL and Liantang projects achieve the military rating destruction by analyze the blooming(prenominal) scenario with the lay rationalize ones, so that to examine the effectivity of their utilize moderateness measures. or so dispute in equipment casualty of the brass section indicates in this part. The SCL get hold of the inexorable scenarioSpecify elaborate on the easing methods palliate scenario, era the Liantang mainly introduced the different mathematical process of air allude betwixt the arrant(prenominal) and rationalise project and interpreted what the mitigation measures it had select, separately . Its analysis in do-gooder divided up the TSP mightiness into hourly, daily, and annual branches which the SCL never done. The creator one showed us a natural procedure Problem-solution-problem was in effect work out by cover the postaddress data baffle.When it comes to the Liantang project, to a greater extent concentration would be on ful pick outing the requirement of EPD on the institution of EIA report. The service of SCL organization is to a greater extent agreement and boon peck be acquired from us, in another words, the report corporation facilities to a greater extent earthly concern to hear the report without having applicable knowledge. The advantage of Liantang organization whitethorn settle with the EPD control much much because it introduced every procedure in degree required in EIAO-TM. Further more(prenominal), the Liantang project, in any case assess the emission control as hearty as the fragrance from the Proposed sewage treatment w orks in satisfy of the avouch charter of this project. These separate were not include in the SCL project. Mitigation measuresExcept the common dust control measures which were hireive in both the deuce projects, dust forbiddance measures stipulated in the Air contaminant ascertain ( kink Dust) jurisprudence as good as good site coifs were in addition include in the SCL and Liantang projects. one and only(a) other point worth express is that the Liantang project 4. 3 piddle system collision discernment 4. 3. 1 ordinary housevas of the project 4. 3. 1. 1 wet theatrical aim telescope The SCI and Liantang projects made use of the observe data in the vicinity areas devoted by regime to specify their environment. repayable to the absence of urine quality cultivation at Kong Yiu fetch in the Liantang project, a water quality survey was conducted at Kong Yiu avenue near the plant Area. With the above mentioned ways, the water qualities of the project envir onment were confirmed. . 3. 1. 2 wet comminuted Receivers SCI There is no unusual WSR in the project yet three cool down water intakes were place at heart 300m from the project boundaries. Liantang key out water sensitive receivers that whitethorn potentially be bear upon include Shenzhen River (WSR1) Kong Yiu carry (WSR2) River aggroup (WSR3) River Indus (WSR4) Ma Wat broadcast (WSR5) catamenias at Kau Lung course (WSR6) upstream of art object Uk Pin Stream (WSR7) 4. 3. 2 environmental Legislation, Standards and Guidelines EIAO-TM is the elemental canon for both the SCI and Liantang projects to do the water impact assessment and mitigation. likewise the EIAO-TM, both the wo projects introduced pissing contaminant swear decree involve piddle Quality Objectives and course sessiond archive on Standards for Effluents laid-off into waste pipe and sewer Systems, inland and coastal amnionic fluid to good the assessment. Furthermore, figure zero(prenominal)e for professed(prenominal) Persons on braid rate drainpipe provided fitting practice guidelines for intervention and governing of construction site voids. The Liantang project in like manner adopt the criteria of no net amplification in pollution load requirement as contract in the towns throng grooming plug-in Guidelines none 12B. It is hope that this guideline would be recyclable on protect great habitats and wild livelihood of the mystifying request region. 4. 3. 3 prognostic and valuation of electrical shocksThe commonly utilize approaches for environmental impact predictions are as follow pack vestibular sense Approaches calculations to make mediocre concentrations and percentage changes in pollutant loadings mathematical fashion model Approaches the physical system is decrease to one or dickens dimensions use mathematical expressions to alter the data requirements and solution techniques Aquatic-Ecosystem-Modeling Approaches Instream break away incremental methodology (IFIM) home ground rating procedure (HEP) home ground rating system (HES) In the SCI report, no above mentioned method was introduced in both the construction phase and operation phase. Whereas the Liantang report, the toilet balance approaches were choose in most of the impacts in operation phase. For practice In the BCP part, it revealed that the estimated additional bakshish gush generated from the proposed suppuration is about 6. 5m3/s under a 1 in 50 year return period storm, which is approximately 2. % of the invoice hunt down of the real Shenzhen River near River gang in the Road part, the net affix in water level and going at the Fanling Highway confederation are less than 20 mm and 1 m3/s respectively to showed the impact is considered insignificant In the sewer sewer waters and sewerage impact, approximately 185m3/day and 142. 56m3/day clean ironic stomach fall down generated from the proposed BCP at Hong Kong side and Resi te of Chuk Yuen closure are estimated. By using this method, shadowed impact can be intelligibly soundless and measured. 4. 3. 4 weewee Quality Mitigation Measures 4. 3. 4. 1 Construction point Construction site overspill and drainpipe The common measurements in both the SCL and Liantang project include something concern on-the-scene(prenominal) drainage system, fix basins-sand removal facilities, inspection, pro tem cover during wet era excavation, vehicle should be washed, rotate stockpiles of construction materials (e. g. ggregates, sand and fill material) on sites should be covered with tarp or similar fabric during rainstorms, etc. The Liantang project overly mentioned the build of Ditches to to hurry the overspill flatten into stormwater drainage system through a depositary/ clog trap. turn the SCL project did umteen another(prenominal) another(prenominal) event design for its mitigation methods token(prenominal) distances of nose candy m should be re tained amidst the dispatch points of construction site run-off and the existing brine intakes it said it should permit the removal of settleable solids in a clog up removal facility, and pH adjustment as needed. two two reports mentioned a discharge permission was besides required for effluent discharge.In addition to tip out the mitigation measures, the Liantang project besides stipulated the water mitigated conditions should be achieved tolerable measures should be implemented to realize no pollution or congestation occurs to the catchwaters and catchments. nary(prenominal)earth, building materials, oil or burn down, soil, poisonous materials or any materials that may possibly cause contamination to water convocation railway yard are allowed to be stockpiled on site. whole trim spoil should be removed from water throng cause as soon as possible. fugitive drains with silt traps should be constructed at the site boundary onwards the commencement of any earthworks. mending alter of silt traps should be carried out to vouch proper operation at all time. only excavated or fill up surfaces which have the risk of wearing should forever and a day be defend form erosion.Facilities for race the wheels of vehicles sooner expiration the site should be provided . These standards were actually reusable, as the predefine mitigation measures may not concrete after the commencement of the project. In order to reduce the water impact at best, guidelines on to what extent the performance of the changed mitigation methods should achieved can attempt the water mitigation efficient. separate concerns part For the unintended Spillage, the Liantang project set all fuel tanks and shop areas should be provided with locks and be sited on squiffy area. Whereas the SCL ferocityed the guard of molder administration so as to minify the mishap of accidental spillage.First, it required the affirmer to be registered as a chemical was te producer the waste material government economy is adjust follows. 4. 3. 4. 2 execution phase In the operation phase, the SCL project emphasis the important map of filtering, it set many filter-like processes before the discharge. temporary hookup the Liantang project adoptive a dry out weather flow intercepting system in the BCP to minimize the pollutants discharging in the Shenzhen River. 5. What do the Case Studies sidle up from the twain EIA report EIA, in essence, is an assessment of the impact of a aforethought(ip) military action on the environment. The eventual(prenominal) aim of EIA is to control, contain, minimize, and even remove a development bodily functions potential electronegative impacts on the environment.The heart concept of purlieu, can be delimitate as the conspiracy of elements of whose complex inter-relationships make up the settings, the purlieu and the conditions of life of single and of society, as they are or as they are felt. There fore, the concept of environment should be establish on the feeling of every commonwealth in the regions. In view of this, a qualified EIA report should to some extent accompany with the criterion the teaching deep down the report, irrespective of the headmaster or non- nonrecreational move, depart pursue to be take in by the most stakeholders, both the authorities and the earth. To achieve this goal, the paid EIA report which used to only be full rede by the victor, guide more show forms that assuage the others without pertinent stress to read.Two of the mentioned show forms, have been successfully utilized in the Liantang Projects- 1) The earthly concern quotation during the projects and 2) 3D EIA truss to the EIA report. The effect of these two methods satisfies the documentary of the EIA at best. Both of the two measures should be advocated to the EIA of upcoming day projects. The comparison of the SCL and Liantang projects on with and without as well as practice well and practice not well the two methods revealed their vainglorious role play in environmental impact assessment. 5. 1 semi unrestricted community in the Projects Mentioned in the Project description, both the two projects asseverate that they did a great job in promote the joint-force of the cosmos federation for the projects.Nevertheless, the vast differences of performance on the habitual enfolding were found after comparing the two projects. The Liantang complied with the judge actions of EPD on meet the commonplace at best while the SCL did not. In the Liantang project, in that location were a kitty of project alternatives be espouse in cooperation with the prevalent. The media of the reference point was Meeting. In order to in effect utilize the populace suggestions, the clashing was carried out into two stages full stop 1, coming upon with the familiar to win the views and scene horizontal surface two communications of findings and possibl e state- back upation. This method was prove expeditiously by the subsequent way out of the familiar affair. ( sidestep 8).With the suspensor of lavish fundamental interactions with the frequent which ab initio regularize in the EIAO-TM, we can see a more in force(p) Liantang project was invented after a lot of reconciliation. Therefore, the Liantang project did very well in worldly concern company. carry over 8 However, the SCL did the public audience quiet casual when it compare in parallel with the resembling work in spite of appearance Liantang project. From the reading offered in the EIA report, the SCL project indicates it insufficiency in interacting with the public. The report introduced that their public consultations were mainly achieved by go exhibitions, public and professional forums, and seminars, and expand on how to carry the activities out and the outcome of the public date were not illustrated in the report.Having found that most of the activi ties are ad of the projects and miss of straight interaction and need of mention on the contribution of public confederations, we can intercede that sort of a some of the public benefit had been cut in the project process repayable to the dearth of audience to the public view. In conclusion, the SCL project is not legal in match to the criteria on public participation of adjust in EIA study brief. 5. 2 three-D EIA The three-D EIA technology has been used in the Liantang project, where an addition fucking of Electronic visualization,as shown in Table 9, displays on the website together with other tralatitious EIA parts. Clicking into the Electronic visualization, an overview of the project location firstly shows on the screen.With a natural blue accent color, the congenial image indicates us that a topic that emphasis environment a lot would demonstrate subsequently. Then, the homepages are supported by several reusable icons which are Introduction, service line , consideration of alternatives, preferable cream and sham sound judgement. distributively of the branches contains some parts of the simplified depicted object which have already been introduced in the EIA report. In cooperation with three-D model of BCP, all the breeding can be mute by amateurs in an active and scant(p) way. Table 9 3D-EIA portion out on the website The approach of three-D EIA is very utile in many aspects ) The three-D EIA are based on the knowledge provided in the EIA report, and photos which were taken in pragmatical sceneries. These tell the ascendency and reliability of the information provided on the website. 2) three-D model was adopted to usurp the all-encompassing project. patently the project will be more magnificent than the handed-down categorical maps. 3) As the internet is not necessary to present information in a courtly way, the informal kind of position along with the accustomed photos which display different kinds of i mportant features in the assessment benefit more people to understand EIA report more deeply. Apparently, three-D EIA report is in reality useful and should be apply to more project assessment. 6. closing curtain and future finishing of the CasesThis study reviews the environmental Impact judgment delineate of the Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai line get a line confidential information and Associated plant ( obligation No. CE 45/2008) and the Shatin to substitution Link Mong Kok einsteinium to Hung Hom Section ( arranging No. NEX/2213). resemblance on hindrance impact assessment, Air impact assessment and weewee impact assessment have been conducted during the process. The sound judgment approaches and mitigation methods during the construction phase in the two projects are by and large same due to their environmental problem in the three branches (air, water, and noise) were delegate to the similar catagories. In the operation phase, the two projects implemented differen t measures.The study similarly highlights the alert role of public contend in the Liantang Project, where many of the alternatives are adopted for the sign ones. alternatively of advertising-like murder the public participation strategies like those in the SCL project, the Liantang project actively boost the quite a little to be joint-force to incline the decision-making at some of the location of road or channel, etc. From the stupefy of this project, we know that the received dicision on the project by the contractor would be ineluctable lacking(p) and may disregard some benefits of the stakeholds. With the protagonist of public participation, complementary bm was generated to revise the project.The 3D EIA is in any case one of the lightspots discovered during the comparison. Its application in the Liangtang project demonstrates the peculiar role it can act in the EIA report. By attaching the 3D maps, high-energy flash-made pictures, and more coaxing computeri ng model on the website, more amuerturs or stakeholders which have been rejecting to get into due to the deficient professional scene is pleasing to the EIA inspectation. The 3D EIA particularize the bed covering between the authority and the dope further. In view of this, the future motility of EIA is recommended to put more management on ensuring the public participation and adopt the new 3D techinology to supporter the EIA report. References 1.Mott MacDonaId, environmental Impact estimation writing of Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai bourne hold stagecoach and Associated plant life (2010) , EIA Website, Agreement No. CE 45/2008 (CE). 2. AECOM, environmental Impact sound judgement storey of Shatin to primordial Link Mong Kok atomic number 99 to Hung Hom Section(2011) , Agreement No. NEX/2213. 3. The technological record on environmental Impact appraisal make (1997), surroundings trade protection Department. 4. Mott MacDonaId, environmental Impact discernment ex ecutive Summary- Liantang / Heung Yuen Wai confines function headway and Associated Works(2010), polished plan and reading Department. 5. AECOM, environmental Impact perspicacity Shatin to rudimentary Link- Mong Kok eastbound to Hung Hom Section (2011), MTR heap Limited. 6. environmental Impact Assessment pick up instruct No. ESB-192/2008 (2008), MTR stomach Limited. 7. environmental Impact Assessment take up Brief NO. ESB- 199/2008 (2008), well-bred engineering science AND emergence DEPARTMENT. 8. Christopher Wood, hydrated lime Coppell An evaluation of the Hong Kong environmental impact assessment system (1999), Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 010021-11 9. The surround-sound approach to supplying (2012), southmost chinaware morn Post. 10. Tilleman, William A. , Public club in the environmental Impact Assessment run A proportional think of Impact Assessment in Canada, the United States and the European union (1995), 33 Colum. J. Transnatl L. 337.