An Analysis of Hammurabi’s Code of Law Essay

An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind†. This was said by Gandhi many years after the fall of the Babylonian empire. Judging by the laws of the Babylonian people, there was no insightful Mahatma Gandhi to spread his thoughts on equality and forgiveness. Though they were an advanced and organized society, the Babylonians were also extremely strict, almost cruel, when it came to law making. Revenge, faith in the gods’ sense of justice, and inequality all made up a portion of the eight foot tall stone tablet that we now know as Hammurabi’s Code of Law (Horne). Hammurabi’s reign lasted from 1795 until 1750 BC (Horne). Up until Hammurabi took control, there had been no ruler to publicly establish an entire set of laws. Written in order to regulate the organization of the Babylonian society, this code, consisting of two hundred laws, begins and ends by addressing the gods. Revenge played a large role in the laws, as it was seen as the only way to truly be compensated. Almost all of the laws lack a true explanation; they were simply accepted as fair justice by the people. However, one law in particular does have a reason behind it. â€Å"If an accused man claims to be innocent, he will be thrown into the river. If the man drowns, he is proven to be guilty. However, if he makes it to the opposite bank safely, the accused man is indeed innocent (Hammurabi).† This law gives us an important insight into the lives of ancient Babylonian society. Obviously, the people had a strong sense of faith in their gods. By tossing the man into the raging river, the people are putting the accused man’s life into the hands of the gods. If the man was guilty and lying, the gods would see that tribute was paid to them, as well as to the village, in the form of death. However, if the accused was indeed innocent, the Babylonians would allow the man to safely leave the river, hence living. Not so unlike our court systems (with which you must swear on a bible before testifying), the Babylonian people had strong religious convictions that were reflected in their code of laws. Another aspect reflected in Hammurabi’s Code of Laws was the belief in revenge. To the ancient Babylonians, revenge wasn’t seen as revenge: it was seen as fair and just compensation for a committed crime. To Hammurabi’s  people, â€Å"an eye for an eye† was not just a say: it was a way of life. â€Å"If he break another man’s bone, his bone shall be broken (Hammurabi).† The same was true for putting out another man’s eye, knocking out someone’s teeth, and many other bodily injuries between two man (or woman) or the same class. Though these laws seem cruel and inhuman, they were meant to keep crime and violence at a minimum. Getting your arm hacked off was probably much more intimidating than a prison sentence to the people of Babylonia, hence the laws successfully fulfilled their duties the majority of the time. Though the laws were more often than not effective, they were by no means fair. Women were dignified and treated as equals, but all social classes were not. Ancient Babylonia had a hierarchy consisting of three main social classes: the amelu, high ranking, rich court officials, patricians, and kings, the muskinu, landless and poor, though free, and the ardu, who were the lowest class (Johns). The ardu could marry and hold property, but nonetheless they were low-ranking slaves. The laws clearly reflected these social classes. Punishments were not the same for different social classes, even if the same crime was committed. For example, if a free-born man strike the body of another free-born man or equal rank, he shall pay one gold mina. However, if a slave were to strike the body of a freed man, his ear shall be cut off. Even though the exact same crime was committed, the slave would get a harsher punishment than the free, higher-ranking man. Even in ancient Babylonia, power and money seem to have the same value as they do in the present day. Not every aspect of the Babylonian culture was perfect. The social classes were strictly divided and people were treated as fairly as their birth allowed them to be. Vengefulness was accepted and expected, as was the belief in owning slaves. However, the Babylonians, under Hammurabi’s reign, were also a very admirable culture. Women were treated as equals: they were dignified, respected, and allowed to own land and property. The most important, positive aspect of the Babylonians was certainly Hammurabi’s Code of Law. As an unchangeable, fairly indestructible written code, it not only influenced other cultures (such as the Syro-Roman and Mahommedan) later in history, but it also gave us a first hand account of what life was like in a  culture that was lost so many centuries ago. BIBLIOGRAPHY â€Å"The Code of Hammurabi† by Richard Hineshttp://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTMBryant, Tamera (2005). The Life & Times of Hammurabi. Bear: Mitchell Lane Publishers. Mieroop, Marc (2004). King Hammurabi of Babylon: a Biography. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers.

How to Asses Mental Illness

The ability for patients to access mental health services these days are more wide ranging than ever before. This is in part due to the fact that the realm of mental health, once simply governed by physicians, is now peopled by staff of all different types and disciplines. In addition, many mental health professionals are now multiply credentialed, so it is not impossible to see a mental health professional who is all at once a family and marital therapist, a chemical dependency practitioner and a social worker. All these elements only serve to improve the ability of patients/clients to receive quality mental health services, whether it be in a large institutional setting, a community mental health center or in a private clinical office. But what are the different types of mental health professionals who are trained in the identification and treatment of patients with mental health issues? There are many, but for the matter of clarity and brevity, we will focus on just three. Licensed clinical social workers are one type of mental health professional who may be assigned a clinical case. These are individuals who have received graduate level training in the assessment and management of patients with mental illness. They may choose to specialize in a certain type of therapy, such as marital or family therapy or they may provide a more general practice. Clinical social workers are also found in the hospital setting, whether for psychiatric patients or medical patients and are experts in arranging for social services and referral to assisted living facilities, nursing homes, and other post hospitalization care. Advanced registry nurse practitioners are one of the newer types of clinicians in the mental health field. These are nurses who have taken graduate level education which allows them to perform diagnosis and treatment for patients. Many nurse practitioners (also called ARNPs) can prescribe medications for their patients, depending on the laws of the states where they live. ARNPs are also unique in that they can open up clinical practices of their own without having to work under the auspices or licensure of a practicing physician. ARNPs provide medication and counseling services, as well as crisis intervention services. ARNPs are also found frequently in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Another type of professional who may diagnose and treat a patient with mental health issues is a clinical psychologist. These are men and women who receive post-graduate education and receive a doctorate in psychology. Psychologists are often called â€Å"doctor† but the difference is that they are not allowed to prescribe medications. Psychologists are multifaceted, and are able to diagnose and treat patients with mental health issues, as well as perform and interpret psychological testing to held aid in the diagnosis of patients with personality or learning disorders. Psychologists are usually utilized in the outpatient setting, but it is not unheard of for them to work on an inpatient mental health unit as well. While all these different clinical backgrounds are able to assess patients for the presence of mental illness, the issues which they must consider are the same from patient to patient. Whether the patient is a self-referral, court mandated or identified by a family member, before a true clinical diagnosis can be made, a thorough mental health assessment must be made. This mental health assessment includes several key issues which must be answered. First, the clinician must know what the problem is which brought the patient in for evaluation in the first place. Does the patient feel sad, or depressed, or anxious? To what degree does the mood problem affect the patient†s day to day life? Are they able to go on about their daily business, or are they incapable of holding a job or caring for themselves or their families, because of the severity of the illness. Does the patient actually perceive there is a problem, or has the patient been referred by a medical provider, family member, or friend? The high coincidence of mental health problems and substance abuse makes it necessary for the mental health professional to assess if there is any drug or alcohol abuse issues here. How long has the patient had these symptoms, and are they getting worse, better, or staying the same. A family history is also important, especially as it pertains to issues of mental illness within the family, or a history of physical/sexual or emotional abuse. Above all, when any mental health professional is assessing a patient for mental illness, he or she must assess if the patient has any thoughts of hurting himself or anyone else. This is almost the most important question to be asked of any patient who is being assessed for mental health problems, and when answered in the positive, must be dealt with immediately. As we are discussing suicidal ideation, it is important for any clinician to understand who is at the greatest risk of self harm. There is a disparity in the rates of suicide between men and women, in that it is more likely for a woman to express thoughts of suicide and it is more likely for a man to actually commit suicide. In fact, men over age 45 are more than four times more likely than women to kill themselves as women in the same age (National Patient Safety Agency, 2001). An unemployed man is two to three times more likely to commit suicide. Suicide is also believed to account for 20 percent of all death in young people aged 15-24 and is second only to accidental death. The prevalence of substance abuse in this age group tends to be a contributing factor to suicide rates. The additional issues of academic pressure and relationship problems, as well as possible history of physical and sexual abuse are other risk factors. Interestingly, research has also shown that youngsters who know someone who commits suicide are more likely to commit suicide (Shaffi, et. al. 1985). While issues of race and likelihood to commit suicide have been studied, the pattern changes over geographic distribution. A study done in 1993 by Briget seemed to indicate that gay men and lesbians had higher rate of suicide and attempted suicide than the general population. And, as previously mentioned, research has shown that substance abuse is a significant risk factor for suicide and suicide attempts. One study estimated that among people who abuse drugs, the risk of suicide is twenty times greater than that of the general population (Faulkner, 1997) Any discussion about mental health in the 21st Century is sure to bring some in some element of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, commonly known as HIPAA. HIPAA is a federal health benefits law passed in 1996, effective July 1, 1997, which among other things, restricts pre-existing condition exclusion periods to ensure portability of health-care coverage between plans, group and individual; requires guaranteed issue and renewal of insurance coverage; prohibits plans from charging individuals higher premiums, co-payments, and/or deductibles based on health status. It also places strict limits on the type and amount of information which can be released about patients, and to whom the information can be given, and in what manner. While the privacy of patient care information is important, HIPAA can be a stumbling block to the care of patients. For example, should the patient refuse that any collateral information be obtained about his case from a family member or friend, the mental health professional is prohibited by law from making any contact with this person, even if the collateral information could be of help in the care and diagnosis of the patient. In addition, it makes it almost impossible for family members to make appointments or even ascertain that patients are getting care. Health care providers are given leeway in one manner, in that should a mental health patient make what is felt to be a credible threat against another person, the healthcare provider is then able to provide information about the threat to the person in the broadest possible terms, known as a â€Å"duty to warn†. Usually now, before a mental health professional takes on a case, he or she will have the patient sign a document explaining the patient†s rights and the clinician†s responsibilities under HIPAA. In this document, the clinician outlines most common reasons for which the clinician may have to release information about the patient†s care, such as coordinating care with another provider or even obtaining coverage information from the insurer. The patient is also generally advised that he or she may revoke all authorization at any time, but in turn the clinician may choose to discontinue treatment. In this way, both parties are protected. It should be noted, however, that HIPAA restrictions do not apply in cases where abuse is suspected, for clinical health oversight activities, for judicial reasons if evaluations are court ordered, and in cases where the care involves a workman†s compensation issue. The clinician must also provide to the patient a name and number of a person to who concerns about privacy violation may be addressed, and if all else fails, complaints may be made to the Department of Health and Human Services, the federal agency which oversees HIPAA. But should a mental health professional be incautious about the kind of information he or she chooses to release, then he or she may find that they are subject to high fines, sanctions from federally funded agencies and loss of clinical privilege. To me, HIPAA seems like the extreme end of the pendulum, and does little to take into account common sense. I believe that in the future, different legislation will be made to modify the tone of HIPAA and allow a bit of clinical common sense to be used as well. Until that time, mental health practitioners will have to tread lightly and practice with care, keeping in mind at all times the needs of the patient and the rule of the law. So in summary, there are many kinds of mental health professionals, of all different backgrounds and disciplines. It would not be difficult to find a therapist or other mental health professional that would be able to help a client with his or her problems. All are highly qualified. All receive excellent training, and the high degree of diversity allows the mental health patient to almost have a consumer attitude when shopping for mental health care. No matter what kind of practitioner a patient chooses, the patient should be sure that he or she has chosen one who is well versed in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness. New laws put into affect do much to protect the rights of the patient, but in some ways can tie the hands of the clinical provider. But ultimately, rules are in place to protect both the patient and the practitioner.

Canadian Shield Case Essay

Using the Accenture document on governance presented with the Alcan case, place Canadian Shield in the appropriate quadrant. According to the Accenture document, I would place Canadian Shield within the efficient, predictable operator category. The slow rate of change and need to compete on operational efficiencies characterized by most companies in this quadrant is detailed by the following quote from the case authors. â€Å"Sustainability for Canadian insurance companies greatly depended on investments in projects that increased customer service and improved operational efficiency.† This comment is aligned with the predictable operator company practices and is evidence that in order to gain a competitive advantage in the Canadian insurance industry it is vital that operational efficiencies are realized through better IT solutions at Canadian Shield and its parent company, Assurance Centrale Inc. (AC). In the key decision going forward, is this Seamus’ call? If not, whose decision is it? Who should make the decision? Under what decision area(s) in the Weill & Ross governance model does this decision fall? As the leader of Information Systems at Canadian Shield, one of many subsidiaries of Assurance Centrale, Seamus Reynolds was tasked with piloting a new information system that could potentially replace the IS’s at all of Assurance Centrale’s regional offices. Five years after starting this project he was feeling the weight of the responsibility for a project that could eventually transform the entire enterprise. The executives at Canadian Shield and AC should have put together a team of knowledgeable IT professionals, business unit heads, and executives to make sure that the new IS would be selected, budgeted, and implemented properly. Instead they allowed one IT leader in a Calgary-based subsidiary to essentially determine the course of the entire enterpriseà ¢â‚¬â„¢s information systems. This type of decision making identifies with the IT Monarchy type of governance styles displayed in the Weill & Ross governance model. According to the model the IT Monarchy style allows IT executives to hold the right to make important IT decisions. A more affective mechanism could be put in place by AC in the form of an IT leadership council that includes corporate and business unit CIOs. What do questions 1 & 2 tell us about IT governance at CS? Is it appropriately structured for this kind of decision? As mentioned above, AC  and Canadian Shield both reflect signs of the IT Monarchy style of IT governance. It appears that by letting the same IT manager that helped create the existing problematic information system called ALPHA spearhead the project of finding its replacement was a conflict of interest. In an industry that is heavily dependent on gaining a competitive advantage through operational efficiencies and consistently delivering value added projects to the customer, it is essential for AC and CS to rethink the current corporate governance model. Across almost all of the major IT governance categories, it seems that CS and AC are either lacking elements completely or lagging behind current IT standards significantly. IT principles or high-level statements about how to use technology to create business value is non-existent in the Canadian Shield philosophy statement and hard to identify within the case write-up by the authors. Furthermore, the corporate IT infrastructure and architecture has become so archaic that the functionality of basic business applications is troublesome for end users such as insurance underwriters. Based on the previous analysis I would say that the IT governance in place at both AC and CS are not structured properly to make a potentially enterprise-wide solution decision. Both economic and gaming theories tell us how CS should approach the issue of sunk costs with respect to the â€Å"current† situation with ISS. Does the traditional view of sunk costs apply here? Sunk costs are costs that a company cannot recover no matter what happens financially in the future. In this case it is hard to the think of the million dollars and five years of time and resources as a sunk cost. However, to AC and Seamus that unfortunately is the truth. Since the proximity of the new ISS system being implemented is close and it has taken so long to arrive at this point, taking a traditional view of sunk costs will not be easy for the employees at CS. Despite this sentiment, it is important that executives remain objective when determining the future direction of the company. This project should be treated the same as if were any other business project such as a building and if it no longer viable it should be seen as a sunk cost and a new project should be selected for implantation. A sunk cost is not necessarily considered a loss however, if CS decides to abandon the ISS project that is exactly what it could and in my opinion should be. Here’s your obvious final question- what would you recommend and why†¦ As tough as it will be for Seamus, I believe that he should consider his IS project a failure and consult with the executive council in order to prepare the company for Request for Proposals (RFPs) from outside software vendors like AIS. The current ISS project is now five years old and almost 5 times  over budget and from initial testing end users find it complicated and not user friendly. This could lead to extensive training, ineffective and inefficient workflows, and further extensive development projects. Despite the previously mentioned hurdles to get the ISS off the ground, it is only given a 50 to 70 percent long-term success rate while the AIS was given better odds. In addition, the AIS solution is already proven to be a sustainable IS platform for insurance companies with the promise of successful Canadian market capabilities. It is unfortunate that Seamus will inevitably develop dissention between the IS professionals he works with as well as the potential lay off of many of his team members. However, business is business and if Canadian Shield and the rest of Assurance Centrale’s subsidiaries wish to capture a competitive advantage in the 21st century, an off-the-shelf solution such as AIS should be considered immediately.

Module 1 TD- TUX 101 - Earning a College Degree Essay

Module 1 TD- TUX 101 - Earning a College Degree - Essay Example An analysis carried out in 29 countries (mostly industrialized ones) confirmed the long-known impression that college education is universally worth the cost and time. On average, degree holders earn 1.5 times that of adults with diplomas from high-school. Whereas a degree is a good investment in other countries, no other nation rewards it like the US. Nonetheless, a degree has got a higher rate of return than majority of financial investments, and it seems these benefits are rising due to financial crisis. This is because, there is a rising premium on superior skills and the biggest casualties are the low skilled since the work is getting digitized, outsourced, automated etc. Secondly, majority of companies use screening rules while selecting potential employees, one of the first rules being; does the candidate have a degree? On the other hand, pundits think that most of those attending 4 year colleges do not graduate even after 6 years and the dropout rate is increasingly high. Even though graduates from college acquire marketable skills, others earn little more income, but with college debts as well as some lost income accrued while one is unsuccessfully chasing a degree. On average, college graduates earn more, live longer, have h ealthy kids, acquire better social skills and generally happier and for those considering long term career, then a degree is an obvious requirement. Thus college is a worthy investment and college graduates accomplish key milestones in

Goals and Objectives Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Goals and Objectives Assignment - Essay Example The event product or purpose is important because it presents the attendees with opportunities to network and find out more about it from other attendees. The reason for the symposium is clearly pivotal for setting the basis for issues that will be tackled in the course of the event. Lastly, the location for the symposium is crucial for organizers to plan and determine the setting. One detail that can be used to develop the goal is the names and profiles of the attending students. Knowing the performance of each student can help know the product or ends of the symposium in terms of what the attendees want addressed. Offering an environment for graduates to share their findings relates to the symposium in the sense that it determines how good the presenter’s planning will be. Offering graduates experiencing in presenting in an educational context relates to the symposium in the sense that it sharpens their time management skills. Lastly, forming networking opportunities relates to the symposium in the sense that attendees need to interact with each other and expound on the presentations. The objective for giving each presenter 15 minutes to present is measurable with a timer on their presenting devices and possibly another on the desk immediately before them. The objective of giving all formats a total of 25 minutes is measurable by timers on the presenter’s desks and the length of each slide. Lastly, the objective of 20 minute morning breaks relates is measurable through the amount of time needed for attendees to leave their seats, head outside or to rests rooms, and interact with others before coming back to the symposium. A different objective for goal one is submitting an abstract that will be accessible on the internet. This objective is an action because it alerts the presenter of the amount of time he or she has for presentation, Q&A, and the next presentation. For the second

The cost of shortselling (finance) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The cost of shortselling (finance) - Essay Example procedures are discussed in depth to show that the chances of making a profit through short selling are as high as incurring a loss due to this activity. It all depends on how accurately an operator is able to predict the future market movements of stocks that are sold short. Mutual Funds hold largest number of stocks and are the most active operators in stock market. So, some analysts feel that if the additional costs related exclusively to short selling are added to the average cost of transactions undertaken by Mutual Funds, a correct value of the costs of short selling can be obtained. But the reasons why this approach would never give a true indication of short selling costs have been explained in a cogent manner. Finally, the assignment ends with a strong argument against branding short sellers as precursors of misfortune. â€Å"Short selling† is a very common term in stock exchanges. In simple terms, if a seller sells stocks which are not owned by them, then they are selling it short. This is possible if the seller borrows those stocks from a broker for a limited period and would return those stocks later. In order to do this, the short seller must have an account with the broker. That account could be either cash account or margin account. A cash account requires all transactions to be settled in cash while in a margin account the broker comes forward with finance or securities, as the case may be, to fulfill temporary requirements of the investor. The investor has to; of course, provide collateral securities for all the shares that they borrow. One of the most pertinent costs of short selling is the interest foregone on the securities that are presented as collateral to the broker. A short seller undertakes these transactions because they have a hunch that the price of securities would go down in future. So when they would buy those stocks from open market for returning to the broker they would be able to do so at a lower price than at which they had

Chemistry Assignment - Heat, Fire, Bohl model, Hydrogen Essay

Chemistry Assignment - Heat, Fire, Bohl model, Hydrogen - Essay Example The evidence that Bohr's model works is in the fact that, the moon is able to move around its orbital without crashing to the continent like Australia and it is also supported by Millikan's Oil Drop experiment that explains how an atom can exist only in definite amounts of quanta, hence "stationary states." Bohr calculated an equation that gives simplistic values for the radii or energy level shell at which the electrons could orbit in a "stationary state" where there is neither emissions nor absorptions of energies explained by the discontinuous transition between the different energy level shells. On the other hand, multi-electron elements have more electrons and more energy levels. . Hence when electrons are excited can move from one energy level to another: either higher or lower and in the process energy is given out. Therefore, electrons are many hence energy relationships cannot be done directly or not "solved".(Nelkon, p188)

Leadership Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership - Personal Statement Example Manifestation of maladaptive motivation arises when organizations possess high tendency of tolerating violent behavior. Managers of the organization can assist by practicing and maintaining the ethical environment at workplace so that the organizational culture reflects ethical culture along with highly motivated employees. â€Å"Leaders need to have a degree of confidence to make tough decision, but their self-images are often seriously distorted.† (p. 54) Self-image refers to the image which a person holds for himself. Many researches in psychology have highlighted the importance of Self-image in one’s personal and professional life. For an effective leadership, it is vital to possess a positive and optimistic self-image. Leaders must have the faith and confidence in their decisions. For that, it is necessary to have enough brainstorming done before taking any tough decision. All the pros and cons must be analyzed carefully, maximum number of managers must be involved in the final decision to avoid any uncertain situation and bring the desired goals into reality. Sharing information with reliable employees also lightens the burden of managers. Smart managers understand this fact that confidence has a considerable impact on their decision making and ultimately on the profitability of the company. â€Å"Successful leaders see hard times as positive high points of their lives. In contrast, less successful leaders are defeated and discouraged by similar events.† (p. 99) Not only leaders, even every individual person gets stronger after facing hardships in life. Every pain and harm serves with a lesson. Successful leaders don’t get themselves caught up in any problem. They tend to keep on striving for better results in future. They believe that failure creates new opportunities for them in contrast to that, fearful and less successful leaders get discouraged by these types of events. It is often said that; â€Å"Hardships test Leaderâ €™s true strength†. When things are good, leaders demonstrate leadership qualities, but when things go wrong many leaders get apprehensive and go astray. That’s the right time to test and judge a leader. The true way of measuring a person is to see how they perform in difficult times. In my mind, leaders are than remembered for their leadership traits in that tough time, and not because of their wins and losses. â€Å"Clearly virtuous leaders are other-centered, not self-centered (p.170)." Through decades, it has been observed that a good leader is more concerned about others than their own self. Recent example that supports this statement is Steve Jobs. Despite of being diagnosed with cancer, he gave his optimum efforts to satisfy and please Apple’s customers and to increase the profitability of his company. Under the reign of Steve Jobs, the stock price of Apple’s share grew around 9000%. It shows the importance of selflessness of a leader. This typ e of leadership style is known as Servant Leadership. Presence of such leadership inspires not only the employees but the customers as well. The strength of this style of leadership is that it values, respects and motivates employees who are reporting to them. It forces people away from domineering and self-serving leadership, hence when everyone reaches their full potential, the overall performance of the company gets better. â€Å"Limiting leadership solely to good leadership ignores the reality that a

Describe the differences between a software analysis model and the Essay

Describe the differences between a software analysis model and the design model - Essay Example After the project pass the feasibility study, the estimation of cost, time and efforts is done. Incorrect estimation of these resources may lead to cost overruns and might prove fatal to the project. The result of the software analysis model is a detailed SRS (Software Requirement Specification) document describing of the system’s functionality as per the customer’s requirements. This document would define the system and serves as the base for rest of the processes in the software development life cycle (SDLC). Software design model aims to design the conceptual model of the system, which defines various processes involved in the system and also the data used at each process. The software design can be expressed using various diagrams including activity diagrams, sequence diagrams, collaboration diagrams etc. They represent the flow of information as well as the entities involved within the system, based upon which the actual implementation and coding of the software is done. One of the important models for software design is object-oriented design model, in which we identify various objects that occur in the solution domain and the relationship between these objects. After this, detailed design of the object model is done. Other important software design models are prototyping and spiral lifecycle models. ... Reliability of software is of utmost importance towards implementing critical applications, for example: the software used in aerospace systems. Reliability of the software also increases its availability for any additional development. Also, software reliability enhances customer satisfaction, thus, resulting in the low maintenance demands of the system. Another important characteristic of reliable software is that it effectively handles wrong input from the user and prevent from any system failure as a result of the wrong input. Further, reliable software continuously monitors any defects or faults in the system and quickly report/detect these faults. Reusability: A good software design should make the components of software development as reusable. Reusability of software objects reduces the development time and also increases programmer’s productivity and the software quality. However, dependencies of software components on the other parts of the software reduce its reusab ility, and thus reduce the number of contexts in which these components can be invoked in. Also, software reusability depends on the programmer’s understanding of the system and his capability to reuse the components to make a better and an efficient system. Another one of the major advantages of reusability is the reduced development costs and faster software deployment. However, there are issues related to software reuse for example: lack of organizational support to institutionalize software reuse, intellectual property rights and contractual problems of software reuse Flexibility: We may require changing certain features of the existing software in terms of adding more functionality

Critical opinion on history of design Term Paper

Critical opinion on history of design - Term Paper Example Significantly, the design history also exists as a component of practice based courses with its teaching and study being as a result of the National Advisory Council of Britain and was launched in the 1960s under the art and design programs. Considerably, the council aimed at making art and design education a legitimate academic activity which necessitated the employment or ‘buying in’ of specialists from art history disciplines, leading to a particular style of delivery. Wood is among the core components of design (as a material) that most people including designers, appreciate and love; simply because it is an incredibly useful material that has minimal effect to the environment (Gustav 1). Over the years, wood has provided humans with shelter, warmth, tools and furniture and it has been a great inspiration that even the earliest man interacted with wood in this most basic ways and more. Typically, wood is embedded with many layers, all of which are symbolic in the aspects of its history in design, time and where it has been applied; for instance, wood keeps a record of its environment and each year brings new growth that marks its past or the rings of a tree can teach us about the environment and specific events in the trees life holding its history within and its living energy expresses it outward. Most of the craftsmen that use wood in design express energy that is added to the depth of the material; reflectively, furniture has been part of the human experience since the development of the non-nomadic cultures and there is historical evidence that it goes the Neolithic period (Gustav 1). This theory is an example of how design in general has been of great significance to the human era, not to forget that it does not in any negative way affect the environment. Furniture designed from wood is not only a product but is also considered to be a from of

How Pop Culture Affects Teens Essay Example for Free

How Pop Culture Affects Teens Essay Popular culture is all around us and it influences many teens across the world. Teenagers are affected by pop culture in almost every aspect of life whether it is music, media, celebrities, fashion, and even literature. These kinds of things have become top priority for teenagers of today’s world. They have surrounded themselves by it and have grown to love, even worship pop culture. Our main objective is to raise awareness to the significance of popular culture in comparison to the cultures of the world. Popular Culture is the new Babylon, into which so much art and intellect now flow, it is our Imperial Theater, Supreme Temple of the Western Eye. We live in the age of idols. The pagan past, never dead, flames again in our mystic hierarchies of stardom. Parental angst about teenagers musical preferences is as old as popular culture itself. Ever since Elvis first swiveled his hips for 1950s TV audiences, consensus has zigzagged sharply on how strongly music impacts its teen listeners. Critics see desensitization toward violence as one major consequence of long-term exposure to music with antisocial themes, while defenders of popular culture simply view it as one more signpost in the era of teen rebellion. Popular cultures influence on teens? It is a known concept that younger teens can be easily influenced. There are several studies that have been done that show the fact that the younger the age, the more likely the person is to follow a crowd. Peer pressure plays a huge role in this also, but the fact is that during the early teen years, one is more likely to pick a role model based on who is considered popular by a majority. The thing is, that may not always be the best thing. This is why there have been several efforts made to regulate the content in popular culture that is reachable to younger children. This includes putting warning labels on CDs, having ratings on television shows, and requiring ID in order to view certain movies. Even though parents and political figures have made several efforts, it may not be enough. Who is really to blame? Is it right to blame the celebrities whose sole purpose is to entertain us? In my opinion, popular culture has had an influence on teens. And depending on the day it is, the influence may not be a good one. Even though I do not feel music or movies should be to blame for the troubles that teenagers have gotten into, there are some teens who feel the need to follow whatever trends that are shown in popular culture, whether it is positive or negative. It is the responsibility of the public figures who are involved in these forms of entertainment to try and be a positive influence. But the one thing that we all must keep in mind is that celebrities are people too and are bound to make mistakes. Teenagers are the group most strongly influenced by popular culture (more commonly called pop culture). What exactly is popular culture? According to Wikipedia English: â€Å"Popular culture is the totality of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, images and other phenomena that are deemed preferred through an informal consensus within the mainstream of any given society.† Thesaurus.com refers to pop culture as a â€Å"modern way of living.† Effects on teens Not only are teens strongly influenced by pop culture but it affects them on many levels. It affects them cognitively (how they think), emotionally (how they feel) and behaviorally (what they do). The last decade has seen exponential growth in the media – with the advent of the internet, mass media has almost been overtaken by social media. The teens have latched onto social media with intensity and this has had both negative and positive effects. Conclusion The relationship between teens, pop culture and the media (mass and social) is deeply symbiotic – and here to stay. The teens of today have grown up with mobile phones and internet access, information always at their finger-tips. Popular culture continues to affect teens in both positive and negative ways. On the other hand, teens also affect pop culture. The sophisticated teen of today is the creator and innovator of the future. Today I am going to talk about the topic: è ¯ Ã© ¢Ëœ Firstly, Ill present the causes of pop culture. Next, Ill give the consequences of this trend. Finally,Ill sum up the conclusion in the short sentences.

Finance Essay Example for Free

Finance Essay These policies are characterized by a combination of risk and return, and can have from a conservative to an aggressive profile. The three types of working capital policies most recommended and used are: Aggressive Policy, Average Policy, and Conservative Policy. The aggressive policy working capital management focuses on maintaining current assets amounts at minimum levels, which is reflected in the total asset turnover higher, with a higher margin. This policy emphasizes the aspect of returns on risk-return decision. This policy is the highest risk policy but with more funds to reinvest in the company or usiness. According to Kulkarni (2011) â€Å" it is a high risk arrangement though, because, should your creditor come asking for money, and for some reason, you dont have enough money to pay them off, you might end up having to sell a costly asset to pay off your debt to them. † (Kulkarni, A. 2011 , Working Capital Policy, 9). The matching policy working capital management leaves a person with cash available to reinvest in his company or business. This policy entails a medium level risk and with this policy the business assets matched business liabilities. According to Kulkarni (2011) â€Å"this policy works in an arrangement where the current assets of the business are used perfect to match the current liabilities. It is a medium risk proposition and requires a good amount of attention. † (Kulkarni, A. 2011 , Working Capital Policy, 6). A conservative policy working capital management focuses on maintaining a high liquidity, as well as other accounts assets, as inventories and accounts receivable, which is very expensive, because they remain idle resources that eventually become unproductive, with slow rotation of assets due to the large investment in current assets. This policy emphasizes the minimization of risk, as opposed to maximizing yields that is not risk to be sure liquidity. A conservative policy may be best for people who want to keep low risks. According to Kulkarni (2011) â€Å"This is the policy with the lowest risk, but it reduces the money used in increasing the production† (Kulkarni, A. 2011 , Working Capital Policy, 11). Recommended Policy The working capital policy recommended for Lawrence Sports is the matching policy, more commonly referred to as the moderate approach. The working capital is funded by short and long term borrowing, equity financing or a combination of them. It is vital for the company to balance the risk and return of financing. The moderate approach falls in between the two other polices described above and is the most balanced. This enables Lawrence Sports to balance its risk and returns. Furthermore, it finances short term debt with temporary assets while permanent and fixed assets are financed by long term debt and equity sources (Zeepedia, n. d. ). A moderate approach gives Lawrence Sports the ability to maintain the relationships necessary to continue business, balance the working capital to still create a profit, and repay what is owed to the bank. Figure 1. Different Policies Regarding the Level of Investment in Working Capital demonstrates how the Moderate Approach compares with the others in terms of the level of investment in working capital (Watson ;amp; Head, 2012, p. 72). Risk It is important for a company to choose the best working capital policy, one that features a level of risk the company can handle. Team C decisions about working capital management are being driven by the intrinsically related priority of risk management. Team C’s aim is to minimize the risk of insolvency while maximizing the return on the assists (Dixon, 1991). Teams C choose the matching working capital policy because it entails a medium level of risk and it will also leave Lawrence Sports with more cash to reinvest in the business. Lawrence Sports will keep low levels of working capital so that they can employ the funds more productively elsewhere like purchasing more goods or more machinery. It is a relatively amount of risk balanced by a relatively moderate amount of expected return. The best level of working capital would be the one in which a balance is achieved between risk and efficiency which also requires continuous monitoring to maintain proper level in various components of working capital, i. e. , cash receivables, inventory and payables, etc. Contingencies A contingency is an unexpected event or situation that affects the financial health, professional image, or market share of a company. It is usually a negative event, but can also be an unexpected windfall such as a huge order. Anything that unexpectedly disrupts a companys expected operation can harm the company even if the disruption is because of a windfall (Duff, 2013). In the case of Lawrence Sports there should be a contingency plan in place in the event product is damaged or lost either in transit or by some unforeseen event. Another contingency plan Lawrence Sports should consider is a cash reserve to cover accounts receivable loses if Mayo defaults on invoice credits. In this case vendor defaults affect bottom line but in turn Lawrence would not have to borrow money from Gartner and avoid high interest rates. For Lawrence to recover from such an incident Lawrence Sports needs to use its working capital to cover the costs so that funds are not continuously incurred on the bank loan. In order for Lawrence Sports to raise the capital to cover a contingency plan Mayo would have to relinquish all sales to Lawrence Sports, payments to Gartner will have to be stretched out further and Murray would lose working capital and halt operations because Lawrence Sports payments would be differed even longer. These hefty decisions are all apart of risk management and can negatively affect business relations.

Tv Could You Be Without It Media Essay

Tv Could You Be Without It Media Essay T.V. is the important part human of life. It was invented by J.L. Beard. In T.V. we are watching many types of channels. T.V. is providing domestic and foreign channels. It has reached in almost every house. It plays a vital role in moulding the public opinion in various ways. It plays very important role in educationing news and entertainment of the people. If we are it in the front of the T.V. one can pass and enjoy our free time more easily. We have many things to do in a T.V. such as-Listening to music, viewing movie, learning techniques of body building. Hearing sermons of religious saints. We are learning about lives of wild animals, birds, water creature, knowing about space and what not. If during the election period one can know the position of the political party, there leaders happening in all parts of the country. All facts of election just sitting before the television. We are watching cricket match and its score on the television. T.V. is very helpful for weather foreca sting for which people that is going to see to catch the fishes. If they do not understand the weather it can be more harmful to their lives. Youngsters, children, and adults are nowadays seen viewing the channel as per their interest. Many children are watching cartoon network, Pogo, Hungnam, Nicklodien, Disney,etc. Students and youngster are listening to music and seen their thrust of knowledge, viewing channels like Discovery, National Geography, Fox history, Travel Living, Animal Planet, etc. If anyone watching these channels one can increase up the knowledge day by day. News channels are very important to us because these are sending many types of information. It has many types of news channels such as IBN7, DD Loksabha, DD Rajayasabha, Star News etc.the news channel on our TV are also provides the information of floods in different rivers. We came to know the information regarding the earthquake through our news channels. The image on the small screen of T.V. thus have a signi ficant impression on all more particularly on the gullible children and on the teens.The present day our television is telecasted fashion, hair dressing awakening towards the right of children. Our government has passed the rule of every channel. If they are showing sexual content and boldness. It will take a strong action and banned of those programme. T.V. places a very important role in our society. We cant live without a television. Every people are familiar to T.V. Today almost people watching news in T.V.They cannot use newspapers the major point of news is displaying in the screen of the television. T.V. is one of the most important boons of a science. Most of the people are not live without watching a television. In childhood T.V. gives a basic knowledge of children for various types of cartoon films and programme. Thus, childrens understand easily of each moral topic. So we can say that the T.V. is important in our life. But some of the programmes showmen are healthy and so me are very obscene. The government should control the cable T.V. so that the unhealthy programme is not telecasted. Media also plays a great role with the television. There are many types of news channels such as: Star Zee channels are also looking with the help of television. We can also play a game in to the television. The first advantage of television is recreation. Radio also provides recreation. It gives us songs, stories and dramas. But these are much more charming on the television. One in direct advantage of the television is the advantage of employment. A very large number of persons gets their livelihood from the television manufacturing industries. Besides workers in the television industries, there are so many people who earn their livelihood by acting for many programme of the television. Every action needs a person because without a person we cannot watch anything. In the TV I also look some facts of videos which cannot be showing the news paper. In the TV we are watching Ramayana it is a religious show which can gives a many types of morals. The serial is superbly produced and is a fine example of a bland of traditional mythological presentation of a story and modern techniques of a colour, music and special effects. We have university and teaching Programs which add to our knowledge. TV is moderate viewing can be useful to our mind and act as. Relief from boredom. The telecast of TV programmes via the satellite is a great achievement of modern science. As a result of it television has reached almost every part of our country. We can watch live republic parades, Independence Day and other things telecast in the TV. Now doordarshan is facing a tough competition from star and zee TV. Doordarshan telecast only in India. Doordarshan provides many types of news, information and entertainment. This channel is telecasting every part of India such as villages, towns etc. This is the basic channel for educating and entertainment of the people. TV is like magic box. It has provided lots of entertain and make our mind free from depression. Peoples are watching TV in the morning and evening for current affairs. Today peoples are doing much more struggle in his life so they cannot spend a time in reading a news paper. So they watch the TV. TV is the more essential part of young generation because it works as a messenger. Generally we are going to market for shopping but now days many channels telecast for based shopping. So it is not necessary to go anywhere. All products and its price are also telecast in TV. It is the main reason that we purchase many products from the TV. When we sit in our house TV is the most significant. We can also say that TV is very popular today. Families members are try to reduce the time of TV viewing for their childrens. It is the boon of a man and we cannot be without it.

Theme and Symbol in Ethan Frome Essay example -- Character Analysis

Divided between the two women, Ethan Frome is a highly confused man. He seeks to find some â€Å"ease and freedom† represented by Mattie, but society would not allow him to do so. Society instead compels him to accept its burden represented for him in the shape of Zeena, although it means the ruin of his life. The social pressure, whether it takes the form of conventional morality or any other forms, offers Ethan blind opposition at every turn, leashing his actions â€Å"like the jerk of a chain† (p.3). Aware that he has not even the money to take Mattie with him to the West, for instance, Ethan starts on foot for Starkfield to ask Andrew Hale, the village carpenter, for an advance on some lumber. In this episode, he is soon intercepted on the way by Mrs. Hale, who, appealing to his sympathy by a few kind words, baffles his attempt at the very moment when his is about to revolt. Throughout the novel, this â€Å"invisible hand† of social pressure is constantly imaged to Ethan as a prison: â€Å"The inexorable facts closed in on him like prison-warders handcuffing a convict. There was no way out-none. He was a prisoner for life.† (p.134). A little bit later in the story, Ethan, watching Mattie's trunk being carried away in a sleigh to the station, has the feeling that â€Å" his heart was bound with cords which an unseen hand was tightening with every ick of the clock.† (p.147). Again he expresses the same emotion later when he says to Mattie as they make the way to the station, â€Å"I'm tied hand and foot, Mattie. There isn't a thing I can do.† (p.158) Because Ethan suffers from inner conflict in his own mind, the group pressure of convention and morality seems to have little, if any, power over him. If, indeed, social force had been involved in h... ...f her mind were as incalculable as the flit of a bird in the branches† (p.46). To Ethan Frome, Mattie is â€Å"his one ray of light† (p.134) which gives meaning to his bleak existence but is to be extinguished by Zeena's cruelty. The image of light is further reinforce by the bright moon. Which is mentioned over and over in the novel. Ethan Frome is the only book Edith Wharton ever wrote that the author's name is readily -and deservedly- associated with, and it has in fact been held in higher esteem than any other of her novels. This book is a brilliant makes a use of imagery and symbolism. The destiny of human existence which Ethan can never solve is more clearly sharpened by Wharton's skillful use of contrasting images and symbols. More significantly, it is by her use of this symbolic imagery that the characterization of the novel can be fully understand.

Burial Practices of the Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman Cultures :: European Europe History

Burial Practices of the Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman Cultures Ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman practices of preparing the dead for the next cradle of humanity are very intriguing. These two cultures differ in a multitude of ways yet similarities can be noted in the domain of funerary services. In the realm of Egyptian afterlife, The Book of the Dead can provide one with vital information concerning ritual entombment practices and myths of the afterlife. The additional handouts I received from Timothy Stoker also proved to be useful in trying uncover vital information regarding the transition into another life. Regarding the burial practices of Greece and Rome, parts of Homer's Odyssey are useful in the analysis of proper interment methods. One particular method used by the Egyptians was an intricate process known as mummification. It was undoubtedly a very involved process spanning seventy days in some cases. First, all the internal organs were removed with one exception, the heart. If the body was not already West of the Nile it was transported across it, but not before the drying process was initiated. Natron (a special salt) was extracted from the banks of the Nile and was placed under the corpse, on the sides, on top, and bags of the substance were placed inside the body cavity to facilitate the process of dehydration. After thirty-five days the ancient embalmers would anoint the body with oil and wrap it in fine linen. If the deceased was wealthy enough a priest donning a mask of Anubis would preside over the ceremonies to ensure proper passage into the next realm. One of the practices overseen by the priest was the placing of a special funerary amulet over the heart. This was done in behest to secure a successful union with Osiris and their kas. The amulet made sure the heart did not speak out against the individual at the scale of the goddess of justice and divine order, Maat. The priest also made use of a "peculiar ritual instrument, a sort of chisel, with which he literally opened the mouth of the deceased." This was done to ensure that the deceased was able to speak during their journeys in Duat. Another practice used by the Egyptians to aid the departed soul involved mass human sacrifice. Many times if a prominent person passed away the family and servants would willfully ingest poison to continue their servitude in the next world.

Integrating Women into the World Economy Essay -- Economics Females E

Integrating Women into the World Economy Introduction On November 9, 1989, the world’s economy changed dramatically. The fall of the Berlin wall produced a new world order which enabled states to connect on political, economic, and social levels with nations that were previously inaccessible to the western world. This created an interaction across national boundaries. The past two decades have seen the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide, including an increased volume of cross-border transactions of goods and services, international capital flows, and most importantly, the rapid and widespread diffusion of technology (â€Å"Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific, 1999†). The airplane hijackings in America on September 11, 2001 further proved that the world had changed. From that day forward, all nations possessed the abilities to play a role in outsourcing and technology sharing. New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman illustrated this point in the book â€Å"The World Is Flat† when he stated that economic power sources are no longer monopolized by prosperous developed nations, but instead by a flattened, equal playing field for all countries. There are numerous illustrations used by Friedman, including the fact that â€Å"all the world’s computer parts come from the same supply chain that runs from Korea, down through coastal China, over to Taiwan and down to Malaysia† (Friedman). With the influx of development in the global arena, opportunities for jobs and sustainability have also increased, especially in developing nations with resources to contribute to global production. Such positions and opportunities have been filled mainly by citizens who have been granted educational opportuniti... ...nomics. United Nations Development Fund for Women. 23 April 2007 â€Å"Regional Symposium on Gender Mainstreaming into Economic Policies.† 28-30 January 2004. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. â€Å"The United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women.† September 2005. Beijing Platform for Action. 20 April 2007. â€Å"What Are the Millennium Development Goals?† 2005. UN Development Goals. 20 April 2007. â€Å"Women and the Economy.† UNFPA: Working to Empower Women. 23 April 2007. - Women and the Economy.htm>

Need for speed Essay

The desire to innovate and to improve is one of the most precious human feelings because it is this very same desire that has paved the road to progress in society. At the outset, the first trains were useful but not efficient enough that people could ride on them: only goods and commodities could be transported. One of the reasons why is because safety and comfort weren’t a top priority for the railroad owner; he or she just wanted to maximize his or her profit. Then, James Watt and his steam engine came about and rocked the world into the Industrial Revolution, a time when railroads were constantly being built all over Europe. Cities grew, economies boomed and busted, and economies and cultures became intertwined so that a small business man who lives in Lille, France or Barcelona, Spain had to travel to Ukraine or Italy for a business deal as quickly as possible (as quickly as possible since now, as opposed to the relaxed and laid back past, time is money). So engineers were needed to devise a train that could travel at very fast speeds while keeping energy consumption as low as possible. The Japanese started the race for faster high speed trains with their â€Å"bullet trains†, the French countered with the TGV, and many other companies came out with their own high speed trains: Acela, Eurostar, and the Shinkansen, among others [3]. The increase in competition benefitted the consumer, the individual needing to get across the continent because now he or she had a choice between different trains, each known for a specific accommodation. For example, TGV was an electric train so the energy consumption of the trains is very low. However, it is little noisier than other lines so the trade off is subjective to the person’s taste. Eventually, all the train lines would try to balance energy consumption, safety, speed, and comfort in order to provide the smoothest trip they could possibly offer. [4] In essence, aerodynamics is the interaction of air on an object [7]. In the case of high speed trains, the aerodynamics of the train depends on many factors: â€Å"aerodynamic drag, pressure variations inside train, train-induced i ¬ow, cross-wind effects, ground effects, pressure waves inside tunnel, impulse waves at the exit of tunnel, noise and vibration†. [8] Ultimately, finding solutions to these problems will result in a faster and smoother train ride, so it becomes imperative to identify the factors that affect each of these so one can manipulate them, if possible, to one’s needs. However, having so many factors that affect the aerodynamics of a train, one can truly begin to see how complex this problem is for engineers since every change made to the train or the tracks could cost the companies owning them a huge amount of money for even the smallest of changes. Specifically, the invention of the high speed train has revolutionized long distance ground transportation since it has provided people with a much faster way to travel, sometimes cutting a seven hour long trip to three hours! However, to reduce such a trip so significantly, the path from city to city (in this place Boston to Washington D. C. ) must be as direct as possible [2]. This means that in some cases a tunnel must be built through a mountain to allow for a high speed train to pass through the mountain and get to its destination as quickly as possible. In terms of high speed trains, there are many different types, each with its advantages and disadvantages. For example, the world renown TGV It has huge advantage in that it can use the same railroad lines as local trains so the cost of making railroad tracks is reduced. However, one of the disadvantages is that using these same train tracks, just the mere fact that the TGV uses the same tracks as local trains means that the TGV limits the size and specifications of local trains because the wake of the TGV causes a wind tunnel that affects the trains behind it. [1] [2] In terms of what the future has in store, trains haven’t even started to reach their limit. From regular train to the high speed train, the speed was increased. The TGV is an obvious example of this transition given that it broke the record for the fasted train, maxing out at 357 mph. The next step is along the lines of the Japanese Maglev; taking friction out of the equation, the Maglev has the ability to greatly reduce the drag and the vibration in the train, thus making the train that much faster. In the foreseeable future, there is a concept that would take the Maglev above and beyond its achievements so far: an â€Å"evacuated tube† is a massive vacuum in a tube stretching for miles and miles. Interestingly, if this method is designed and works, it may potentially reap the benefits since the beginning. This occurs because air drag takes such a significant amount of energy out of the system (the system being defined as the train) that minimizing it to a negligible level could immediately save millions upon millions of dollars [8] [9]. On the other hand, there are changes that have been made to the train itself rather than to the environment surrounding it. The Japanese Hayabusa’s nose is angled and sleek so it can eliminate tunnel boom, the sound of a train leaving a tunnel. Tunnel boom is caused by a fast train pressurizing the air in front of it as it goes through a tunnel until it comes out of the tunnel with the pressurized air and makes a very loud sound. Trains in the past had a smaller tunnel boom that occurred right before the train left the tunnel (the sound of a train coming from inside a tunnel); however, now that the trains are that much faster, they catch up to the pressurized air and come out together, creating constructive interference, to make a bigger sound [5]. Furthermore, the French Alstrom developed an upgraded TGV called the AGV. What was interesting about how the French upgraded the TGV is that they took the power system of the TGV and completely transformed it; now it has the capacity of generating higher speeds at a fraction of the original TGV energy consumption. Don’t forget that the TGV was designed as an electric train, so to have a power system that can do more with less energy is a huge advancement! [5] In conclusion, the fact remains that the fast paced society of today has geared people to want to do everything more quickly. Following this train of thought, it makes sense that high speed trains are the future in transportation. Throughout history, people have shown a want, a need for speed. Works Cited [1] Fox News. Associated Press. http://www. foxnews. com/story/0,2933,263542,00.html (accessed July 15th, 2012) [2] Plumer, Brad. The Washington Post. http://www. washingtonpost. com/blogs/ezra-klein/wp/2012/07/16/amtraks-151-billion-high-speed-rail-plan-are-there-cheaper-options/ (accessed July 15th, 2012) [3] European Railway Server. TGVweb. http://www. trainweb. org/tgvpages/history. html(accessed July 17th, 2012) [4] http://www. buzzle. com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-maglev-trains. html [5] Railway-Technology. com. On Track. http://www. railway-technology. com/features/feature117829/(accessed July 15th, 2012). [6] James, Randy. Time U. S. http://www. time. com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1892463,00. html (accessed July 16th, 2012) [7] Bopp, Rudolf; Hagenah, Bernd. Gruner. http://www. gruner-gmbh. at/aktuelles_gmbh_at/pdf_pool/D_HAB_Porto. pdf [8] Raghunathan, Raghu S. ; Setoguchi, T. Progress in Aerospace Sciences. Aerodynamics of high-speed railway train http://ompldr. org/vMXlsOA/Aerodynamics_HSR02. pdf [9] Hoffman, Carl. Popsci: Trans-Atlantic Maglev. http://www. popsci. com/scitech/article/2004-04/trans-atlantic-maglev.

The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 7

The house was a big, log cabin?Cstyle affair, tucked into a hol ow in the pines with no sign of any neighbors for miles around. Al the windows were black, as if the place were empty, but the whole frame was trembling from the heavy bass in the basement. Diego went in first, and I tried to move behind him like he was Kevin or Raoul. Hesitant, protecting my space. He found the stairs and charged down with a confident tread. â€Å"Trying to lose me, losers?† he asked. â€Å"Oh, hey, Diego's alive,† I heard Kevin answer with a distinct lack of enthusiasm. â€Å"No thanks to you,† Diego said as I slipped into the dark basement. The only light came from the various TV screens, but it was way more than any of us needed. I hurried back to where Fred had a whole couch to himself, glad that it was right for me to look anxious because there was no way to hide it. I swal owed hard as the revulsion hit, and curled up in my usual spot on the floor behind the couch. Once I was down, Fred's repel ent power seemed to ease up. Or maybe I was just getting used to it. The basement was more than half empty since it was the middle of the night. Al the kids in here had eyes the same as mine – bright, recently fed red. â€Å"Took me a while to clean up your stupid mess,† Diego told Kevin. â€Å"It was almost dawn by the time I got to what was left of the house. Had to sit in a cave fil ed with water al day.† â€Å"Go tattle to Riley. Whatever.† â€Å"I see the little girl made it, too,† said a new voice, and I shuddered because it was Raoul. I felt a little bit of relief that he didn't know my name, but mostly I just felt horrified that he'd noticed me at al . â€Å"Yeah, she fol owed me.† I couldn't see Diego, but I knew he was shrugging. â€Å"Aren't you the savior of the hour?† Raoul said snidely. â€Å"We don't get extra points for being morons.† I wished Diego wouldn't taunt Raoul. I hoped Riley would come back soon. Only Riley could curb Raoul even the littlest bit. But Riley was probably out hunting dregs kids to bring to her. Or doing whatever else he did while he was away. â€Å"Interesting attitude you got, Diego. You think that Riley likes you so much he's gonna care if I kil you. I think you're wrong. But either way, for tonight, he already thinks you're dead.† I could hear the others moving. Some probably to back Raoul up, others just getting out of the way. I hesitated in my hiding spot, knowing I wasn't going to let Diego fight them alone, but worried about blowing our cover if it didn't come to that. I hoped Diego had survived this long because he had some crazy combat skil s. I wasn't going to have much to offer in that department. There were three members of Raoul's gang here, and some others that might help out just to get on his good side. Would Riley get home before they had time to burn us? Diego's voice was calm when he answered. â€Å"You're real y that afraid to take me on alone? Typical.† Raoul snorted. â€Å"Does that ever work? I mean, besides in movies. Why should I take you on alone? I don't care about beating you. I just want to end you.† I rol ed into a crouch, tensed to spring. Raoul kept talking. He liked the sound of his own voice a lot. â€Å"But it's not gonna take al of us to deal with you. These two wil take care of the other evidence of your unfortunate survival. Little what's-her-name.† My body felt icy, frozen solid. I tried to shake it off so I could fight my best. Not that it would have made a difference. And then I felt something else, something total y unexpected – a wave of revulsion so overpowering that I couldn't hold my crouch. I crumpled to the floor, gasping with horror. I was not the only one to react. I heard disgusted snarls and retching sounds from every corner of the basement. A few people retreated to the edges of the room, where I could see them. They strained against the wal, stretching their necks away as if they could escape the horrible feeling. At least one of these was a member of Raoul's gang. I heard Raoul's distinctive growl, and then heard it fade as he took off up the stairs. He wasn't the only one to make a break for it. About half of the vampires in the basement cleared out. I didn't have that choice. I could barely move. And then I realized this had to be because I was so close to Freaky Fred. He was responsible for what was happening. And as horrible as I felt, I was stil able to realize that he'd probably just saved my life. Why? The sensation of disgust faded slowly. As soon as I could, I crept to the edge of the couch and took in the aftermath. Al of Raoul's gang was gone, but Diego was stil there, on the far end of the big room by the TVs. The vampires who remained were slowly relaxing, though everybody looked a little shaken. Most of them were shooting cautious glances in Fred's direction. I peeked at the back of his head, too, though I couldn't see anything. I looked away quickly. Looking at Fred brought back some of the nausea. â€Å"Keep it down.† The deep voice came from Fred. I'd never heard him speak before. Everyone stared and then looked away immediately as the revulsion returned. So Fred just wanted his peace and quiet. Wel, whatever. I was alive because of it. Most likely Raoul would get distracted by some other irritant before dawn and take out his anger on somebody close by. And Riley always came back at the end of the night. He would hear that Diego had been in his cave rather than outside and destroyed by the sun, and Raoul wouldn't have an excuse to attack him or me. At least, that was the best-case scenario. In the meantime, maybe Diego and I could come up with some plan to steer clear of Raoul. Again, I had a fleeting sense that I was missing an obvious solution. Before I could figure it out, my thoughts were interrupted. â€Å"Sorry.† The deep, almost silent mutter could only have come from Fred. It looked like I was the only one close enough to real y hear. Was he talking to me? I looked at him again and felt nothing. I couldn't see his face – he had his back to me stil . He had thick, wavy blond hair. I'd never noticed that before, not with al the days I'd sat hiding in his shadow. Riley wasn't kidding when he'd said that Fred was special. Gross, but real y special. Did Riley have any idea that Fred was so†¦ so powerful? He was able to overwhelm a whole room of us in a second. Though I couldn't see his expression, I had the sense that Fred was waiting for an answer. â€Å"Um, don't apologize,† I breathed almost silently. â€Å"Thank you. â€Å" Fred shrugged. And then I found I couldn't look at him anymore. The hours passed slower than usual as I waited for Raoul to come back. From time to time I tried to look at Fred again – to see past the protection he'd created for himself – but I always found myself repel ed. If I tried too hard, I ended up gagging. Thinking about Fred was a good distraction from thinking about Diego. I tried to pretend I didn't care where he was in the room. I didn't look at him but focused on the sound of his breathing – his distinct rhythm – to keep tabs. He sat on the other side of the room from me, listening to his CDs on a laptop. Or maybe pretending to listen, the way I was pretending to read the books from the damp backpack on my shoulders. I flipped pages at my usual rate, but I didn't take anything in. I was waiting for Raoul. Luckily, Riley came first. Raoul and his cohorts were right behind him, but not as loud and obnoxious as usual. Maybe Fred had taught them a little respect. Probably not, though. More likely Fred had just angered them. I real y hoped Fred never let his guard slip. Riley went to Diego right away; I listened with my back to them, eyes on my book. In my peripheral vision, I saw some of Raoul's idiots wandering, looking for their favorite games or whatever they'd been doing before Fred had driven them out. Kevin was one of them, but he seemed to be looking for something more specific than entertainment. Several times his eyes tried to focus on where I was sitting, but Fred's aura kept him at bay. He gave up after a few minutes, looking a little sick. â€Å"I heard you made it back,† Riley said, sounding genuinely pleased. â€Å"I can always count on you, Diego.† â€Å"No problem,† Diego said in a relaxed voice. â€Å"Unless you count holding my breath al day as a negative.† Riley laughed. â€Å"Don't cut it so close next time. Set a better example for the babies.† Diego just laughed with him. From the corner of my eye, it seemed like Kevin relaxed some. Was he real y that worried about Diego getting him in trouble? Maybe Riley listened to Diego more than I realized. I wondered whether that was why Raoul had gotten crazy before. Was it a good thing if Diego was that in with Riley after al ? Maybe Riley was okay. That relationship didn't compromise what we had, did it? Time didn't pass any faster after the sun was up. It was crowded and unstable in the basement, like every day. If vampires could get hoarse, Riley would have lost his voice entirely from the yel ing. A couple of kids temporarily lost limbs, but nobody got torched. The music warred with the game tracks, and I was glad I didn't get headaches. I tried reading my books, but I ended up just flipping through one after the other, not caring enough to make my eyes focus on the words. I left them in a neat stack by the end of the couch for Fred. I always left my books for him, though I never could tel whether he read them. Couldn't look at him closely enough to see what, exactly, he did with his time. At least Raoul never looked my way. Neither did Kevin or any of the others. My hiding place was as effective as ever. I couldn't see if Diego was smart enough to ignore me, because I was ignoring him so thoroughly. No one could suspect that we were a team, except maybe Fred. Had Fred been paying attention as I prepared to fight alongside Diego? Even if he had, I didn't worry too much about it. If Fred felt any particular il wil toward me, he could have let me die last night. Would have been easy. It got louder as the sun started to go down. We couldn't see the light fading here underground, with al of the windows upstairs covered just in case. But waiting through so many long days gave you a good sense for when one was almost over. Kids started getting antsy, bugging Riley about whether they could go out. â€Å"Kristie, you were out last night,† Riley said, and you could hear the patience wearing thin in his voice. â€Å"Heather, Jim, Logan – go ahead. Warren, your eyes are dark, go along with them. Hey, Sara, I'm not blind – get back here.† The kids he shut down sulked in the corners, some of them waiting for Riley to leave so they could sneak out in spite of his rules. â€Å"Um, Fred, must be about your turn,† Riley said, not looking in our direction. I heard Fred sigh as he got to his feet. Everyone cringed as he moved through the center of the room, even Riley. But unlike the others, Riley smiled a little to himself. He liked his vampire with skil s. I felt naked with Fred gone. Anyone could focus on me now. I held perfectly stil, head down, doing everything in my power not to cal attention to myself. Lucky for me, Riley was in a hurry tonight. He barely paused to glare at the people who were clearly edging for the door, let alone threaten them, as he headed out himself. Normal y he'd give us some variant on the usual speech about keeping a low profile, but not tonight. He seemed preoccupied, anxious. I'd have bet he was going to see her. That made me less excited about catching up with him at dawn. I waited for Kristie and three of her usual companions to head out, and I slipped out in their wake, trying to look like part of the entourage without irritating them. I didn't look at Raoul, I didn't look at Diego. I concentrated on seeming inconsequential – no one to notice. Just some random vampire chick. Once we were out of the house, I split off from Kristie immediately and beat it into the woods. I hoped only Diego would care enough to fol ow my scent. Halfway up the side of the nearest mountain, I made my perch in the top branches of a big spruce that cleared its neighbors by several meters. I had a pretty good view of anyone who might try to track me. Turns out I was being overcautious. Maybe I'd been too cautious al day. Diego was the only one to come looking. I saw him from a distance and backtracked to meet him. â€Å"Long day,† he said, giving me a hug. â€Å"Your plan is hard.† I hugged him back, marveling at how comfortable this was. â€Å"Maybe I'm just being paranoid.† â€Å"Sorry about Raoul. That was close.† I nodded. â€Å"Good thing Fred is so disgusting.† â€Å"I wonder if Riley knows how potent that kid is.† â€Å"Doubt it. I've never seen him do that before, and I spend a lot of time around him.† â€Å"Wel, that's Freaky Fred's business. We have our own secret to tel Riley.† I shuddered. â€Å"Stil not sure that's a good idea.† â€Å"We won't know until we see how Riley reacts.† â€Å"I don't real y like not knowing, as a general rule.† Diego's eyes narrowed speculatively. â€Å"How do you feel about adventure?† â€Å"Depends.† â€Å"Wel, I was thinking about club priorities. You know, about finding out as much as we can.† â€Å"And†¦?†

How Have Other Peoples Readings Of “Translations” Helped You Essay

How Have Other Peoples Readings Of â€Å"Translations† Helped You To Understand The Contexts Of The Play In Scene 1? The first act of Friel’s play â€Å"Translations† features many different contexts ranging from the infamous potato famine to hinting at the possible forming of the present day IRA (the Donnelly twins,) and politics. One of the major contexts that also coincide with the title of the play is translation. The translation of Irish name into English name. I only realised this by reading a Canadian writers essay on language and its importance in â€Å"Translations†. Especially in relation to Owen and his take on the Irish language. Where as many Irish people, at the time, saw the English to be taking away Irelands identity by colonizing it and changing names, language etc. Owen seems to be naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and miss this. By changing place names they are not only taking away identity but also something more intimate, a part of their lifestyle. Hence when the English mistake Owens name to be Roland it seems to be Manus who is more frustrated by this whereas Owen says â€Å"Owen – Roland- what the hell. It’s only a name. It’s the same me, isn’t it.† The importance (or un-importance, depending how you want to perceive it) of names is brought up firstly at the start of the play when Manus is teaching Sarah to speak. It is important to note that the first thing Manus teaches her to say is her name, also her identity. Owens ignorance for the colonisation is shown again when he says, â€Å"my job is to translate the quaint, archaic tongue you people persist in speaking into the Kings good English.† One quote from the particular essay by the Canadian writer says † The Gaelic tongue is becoming obsolete in the wake of colonisation, Owen has boarded the ship of progress disassociating himself from his foundation.† Similar, in a sense, is Maire’s view on the English language and that it should be learnt. Maire’s view links in with another context shown in the play and that is the focus on dead languages, such as Greek and Latin and soon to be dead, Gaelic. By researching Irish history at the time the play is set, it is easier to gather an understanding for the wanting of Maire to learn English. Dr Leon Litvack’s paper on the historical and colonial context of Friel’s Translations illustrates this. Maire’s reference to Daniel O’Connel, â€Å"the disillusioned veteran who founded the catholic association,† O’Connel preached that it was necessary to learn English in order to allow Ireland to progress in a quickly modernising western world. Hence Maire wanting to learn English rather than a dead language such as Greek or Latin as this will be necessary if she is going to immigrate to the United States. One interpretation of the play is the focus on schools. Being set in an illegally run hedge school, a place where Catholics turned to for education after the penal laws were instated. The time the play is set is during a major transition period when the English are trying to get rid of hedge schools and introduce new national schools. It has been shown by statistics that half a million Irish children received illegal tuition through hedge school. This links in with the whole idea of translations, as at the new national schools, where you were forced to go to by law, the language you would be taught in would be English, no longer Gaelic. To some people This was a problem but to others like Maire, English was seen as the language of opportunity. â€Å"The old language was a barrier to modern progress† she quotes from the famous Daniel O’Connel. There is an increasing amount of tension being built up in the first act with regards to the devastating potato famine. There is a sense of dramatic irony being shown as well. Seeing as the play is set in the 1830s this is only a short time before the potato blight occurred in 1845.this disaster caused the population of Ireland to drop from eight million down to six million. It is believed that one million people died of starvation while another million were forced to immigrate to start new lives in Canada and America etc. It is obvious to the audience that the famine will occur but the characters in the play are blind to this even though the clues are all there. This is why the audience tend to sympathise for their negligence. Even when Jimmy Jack suggests to Doalty he should plant something other than potatoes, which is the correct thing to do, he just comically shrugs off the remark, â€Å"Too lazy be Jesus to wash himself and he’s lecturing me on agriculture!† Bridget also brings up the subject of the blight and its distinctive, ominous â€Å"sweet smell,† only to be aggressively dismissed by Maire. â€Å"Sweet smell! Sweet smell! Every year at this time somebody comes back with stories of the sweet smell. Sweet God, Did the potatoes ever fail in Baile Beag? Well, did they ever-ever? Never!† This is where the audience really begin to sympathise, as they know of the catastrophic effects that will soon occur. Although Friel has not written the play from a biased or political point of view it is still possible to find the idea of the modern day IRA being formed in this play. This becomes more noticeable as the play progresses. Although it is still possible to get an idea of this from Doaltys seemingly harmless antics with the British soldiers and his constant dodging of questions involving the Donnelly twins. Manus â€Å"aren’t they at home?† Doalty â€Å"No.† Manus â€Å"Where are they then?† Doalty â€Å"How would I know?† Even the stage directions in this particular section lead us to believe something suspicious is going on, Doalty begins whistling through his teeth. Suddenly the atmosphere is silent and alert. To be able to understand that this may be about the IRA, background reading about the times the play is set and when the play was written (the 1970s, a time of great trouble and political unrest in Northern Ireland.) is necessary. The 1970s were a time when tension between Northern Ireland and England was at a peak. This also was around the time of the infamous â€Å"Bloody Sunday†. So it is possible that Friel may have tried to incur some of this in to the play. Although Seamus Deane says â€Å"Translations† is a â€Å"sequence of events in history which are transformed by his writing into a parable of events in the present day.† The play has also been described as an enlightening metaphor for the situation in Northern Ireland. The many contexts featured in the play are extremely important as they add a framework or shell to the play allowing it to go in many directions. Although it features so many different contexts Friel is quoted to say that â€Å"Translations† is â€Å"to do with language and only language.† Therefore not historical contexts. To become more familiar with the play and its many contexts background reading and the reading of other people’s interpretations are essential. By reading theses criticisms I have become more aware at how Friel has made the play so effective by setting it in the specific era. By doing this it makes it easier for the audience to see how the recent condition of Ireland spiralled way out of control originating in the mid 1800s. It also gives greater depth to the tragedy that will eventually befall and that the audience know the tragedy is coming but not on so many levels. Overall it is essential to at least to some form of background reading in order to understand the play to a higher level.

Understand Child Development and Young Person Development

CACHE Level 3 Diploma for the Children and Young People’s Workforce (QCF) Unit Ref: L/601/1693 CYP Core 3. 1: Understand Child Development and Young Person Development Rosanna King Learning Outcome 1: Understand the expected pattern of development for children and young people from birth – 19 years. Assessment Criteria 1. 1: Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth – 19 years. Answer to 1. 1: Below I have explained the sequence and rate of each development from birth – 19 years old in great detail. 0-2 Years – Physical Development: The baby lies supine (1 month old) * The baby turns its head towards light and stares at bright and shiny objects (1 month old) * The baby can lift the head briefly from the prone position (1-4 months old) * Legs can kick vigorously both separately and together (1-4 months old) * The baby is beginning to use a palmer grasp and can transfer objects from hand to hand (4-6 months old) * The baby has good head control and is beginning to sit with support (4-6 months old) * The baby can roll from front to back (6-12 months old) The baby is very alert to people and objects (6-12 months old) * The baby will now be mobile, may be crawling, bear walking, bum shuffling and even walking (9-12 months old) * The baby may bounce is rhythm to the sound of music (9-12 months old) * The baby might be able to manage stairs and steps, but will need supervision (1-2 years old) * The baby can build afew bricks and arrange toys on the floor (1-2 years old) * The child can walk confidently and is able to walk without falling (1-2 years old) 0-2 Years – Communication Development: The baby responds to sounds, especially familiar voices (1 month old) * The baby makes eye contact (1 month old) The baby makes no-crying noises, such as cooing and gurgling (1-4 months old) * The baby cries with anger to show they are hungry, tired or need a nappy change (1-4 months old) * The baby begins to l augh and squeal with pleasure (4-6 months old) * The baby becomes more aware of others and start to communicate with them more and more (4-6 months old) * Babies begin to understand words like ‘up’ and ‘down’ raising their arms to be lifted up, using appropriate gestures (6-9 months old) * The baby can follow simple instructions e. . kiss teddy (9-12 months old) * The child begins to talk with words or sign language (1-2 years) * Child starts pointing and taking a real interest in books and enjoys looking at all the pictures and objects (1-2 Years) 0-2 Years – Intellectual and Cognitive: * The baby is sensitive to light (1 month old) The baby’s face, abdomen, hands and feet are very sensitive to touch (1 month old) * The baby recognises differing speech sounds (1-4 months old) * The baby can develop favourite tastes in food and recognise differences by five months (4-6 months old) * The baby prefers complicated things to look at from five to s ix months and enjoys bright lights (4-6 months) * The baby understands signs e. g. he bib means that the food is coming (6-9 months) * From 8 -9 months the baby shows that they know objects exist when they have gone out of sight (6-9 months) * The baby is beginning to develop images (9-12 months) * The baby gives some understanding of daily routine e. g. food, changing and then nap time (9-12 months old) * The child understands the names of objects and can follow a simple instruction (1-2 years old) * The child learns about things through trial and error (1-2 years) 0-2 Years – Social, Emotional and Behavioural: The baby often imitates certain facial expressions (1 month old) * The baby will smile is response to an adult (1-4 months old) * The baby stays awake for longer periods of time (1-4 months) * The baby shows trust and security (4-6 months old) * The baby has recognisable sleep patterns (4-6 months old) * The baby can manage to feed themselves using their fingers (6-9 months) * The baby is more aware of other people’s feelings, for example; they might cry and get sad if they see their brother or sister crying or sad. 6-9 months old) * The baby enjoys songs and action rhymes (9-12 months old) * The baby still likes to be near a familiar adult as appose to strangers (9-12 months old) * The child begins to have a longer memory (1-2 years old) * The child expresses their needs using words and gestures (1-2 years old) 0-2 Years – Moral: * Show joy by smiling, cooing and laughing when fed comfortable or safe. * No understanding of right or wrong starts to understand the word no. * Sensitive to adult approval and disapproval, despite tantrums and bursts of anger. -4 Years – Physical Development: * The child is very mobile and can run safely (2 years old) * The child can draw circles, lines and dots, using preferred hand (2 years old) * The child can jump from a low step (3 years old) * The child can build tall towers of bricks or bl ocks (3 years old) * The child has good spatial awareness (3 years old) 2-4 Years – Communication Development * Children are rapidly becoming competent speakers of the language they experience (2 years old) * The child can follow a simple instruction for example; â€Å"Could you bring me the spoon? ( 2 years old) * The child wants to share songs, dance and have conversations (2 years old) * The child might say â€Å"two times† instead of ‘twice’ and might say â€Å"I go there† instead of ‘I went there’ (3 years old) * The child loves to chat and ask alot of different questions (3 years old) 2-4 Years – Intellectual and Cognitive * The child can hold a crayon and move it up and down (2 years old) * The child talks about an absent object when reminded of it ( 2 years old) * The child pretend plays – often making up stories and characters ( 3 years ld) * The child represents events in drawings, models ect (3 years old) 2-4 Y ears – Social, Emotional and Behavioural: * The child begins to express how they are feeling (2 years old) * The child is learning how to dress themselves (2 years old) * The child is beginning to develop a gender role as they become aware of being male or female (3 years old) * The child makes friends and is interested in making new friends (3 years old) 2-4 Years – Moral: * Beginning to know right from wrong. Related article: Intervention When Development is Not Following the Expected PatternIs more self-controlled and less aggressive. Uses extreme verbal threats such as, â€Å"I'll kill you,† without understanding full implications, wants to be good, but is not yet mature enough to be able to carry out most promises. 4-7 Years – Physical Development: * A sense of balance is developing – the child may be able to walk in a straight line (4 years old) * The child can thread small breads on a lace (4 years old) * The child can play ball games (5 years old) The child has increased agility, muscle coordination and balance (6 years old) * The child can catch a ball thrown from one metre with one hand (7 years old) 4-7 Years – Communication Development: * The child begins to ask alot of where, when, how and why questions (4 years old) * The child talks confidently and with more fluency (5 years old) * The child begins to understand book language and that books have ch aracters (6 years old) * The child begins to realise that different situations require different ways of talking (7 years old) 4-7 Years – Intellectual and Cognitive: At age four, the child usually knows how to count up to 20 (4 years old) * The child can usually write their own name down on a piece of paper (5 years old) * The child includes alot more detail in their drawings (6 years old) * The child begins to establish what is real and what is a fantasy (7 years old) 4-7 Years – Social, Emotional and Behavioural: The child likes to be independent and is strongly self-willed (4 years old) * The child can wash their hands and brush their own teeth unassisted (4 years old) * The child has developed a stable self-concept (5 years old) * The child can begin to hide their feelings, once they learn to control them (6 years old) * The child can take responsibility e. g. in helping younger children (7 years old) 4-7 Years – Moral: * Is interested in being good, but ma y tell lies or blame others for wrongdoings because of intense desire to please and do right.Is very concerned with personal behaviour, particularly as it affects family and friends. 7-12 Years – Physical Development: * The child can ride a bike easily (7 years old) * The child plays energetic sports and games (8 years old) * The child is usually writing with an established style using joined up letters (9 years old) * Children differ is physical maturity. Girls experience puberty earlier than boys do and sometimes girls can be two years ahead of the boys with puberty (10 years old) * The child’s body proportions are becoming more similar to adults (12 years old) 7-12 Years – Communication Development: The child uses and understands complex sentences (7 years old) * The child is increasingly verbal and enjoys making up stories and telling jokes (8 years old) * The child uses reference books with increasing skill (9 years old) * The child can write fairly lengthy essays (11 years old) * The child starts to write stories that show alot of imagination (12 years old) 7-12 Years – Intellectual and Cognitive: The child has an increased ability to remember and pay attention, speak and express different ideas (7 years old) * The child is learning to plan ahead and evaluate what they do (8 years old) * The child enjoys tasks that are task-orientated, such as sewing and woodwork (9 years old) * The child begins to notice and understand the motives behind the actions of another (10 years old) * The child begins to devise memory strategies (11 years old) * The child starts thinking about different possibilities (12 years old) 7-12 Years – Social, Emotional and Behavioural: The child may become discouraged easily (7 years old) * The child takes pride in their competence (8 years old) * The child can become argumentative and bossy at times (9 years old) * The child is beginning to see things from another child’s point of view (10 ye ars old) * The child may be experiencing sudden, dramatic and emotional changes associated with puberty (11 years old) * The child succumbs to peer pressure more readily and wants to talk, dress and act just like their friends (12 years old) 7-12 Years – Moral: May experience guilt and shame. Has difficulty admitting mistakes but is becoming more capable of accepting failures and mistakes and taking responsibility for them. Is aware of right and wrong; wants to do right. 12-19 Years – Physical Development: * Physical development during adolescence is known as puberty. Age of puberty varies but is often between the ages of 9-13 years old for girls and 10-15 years old for boys. * Girls will experience the following during puberty; breasts develop, body size and shape will change and menstruation. Boys will experience the following during puberty; voice breaking, body size and shape will change, chest hair, penile errections and sperm. * Both girls and boys will experienc e the following during puberty; public hair, excess sweating and oil-secreting glands. 12-19 Years – Communication Development: * Become more independent and rely less on parents or carers * The young person has fast, legible style of handwriting * The young person communicates very well in an adult manner, with increasing maturity * The young person understands abstract language, such as idioms, figurative language and metaphors. 2-19 Years – Intellectual and Cognitive: * Around this time young people experience a shift in thinking from concrete to abstract – an adult way of thinking * They approach a problem is a systematic fashion and also use their imagination when solving problems 12-19 Years – Social, Emotional and Behavioural: * The young person may become self-conscious about physical changes their body is going through (e. g. too short, too tall, too fat, too thin) * The young person often feels misunderstood * The young person can experience a w ide range of emotions and sometimes have mood swings (e. . happy one minute and very down the next minute) * The young person wants to become accepted and liked 12-19 Years – Moral: * Knows right and wrong; tries to weigh alternatives and arrive at decisions alone. Is concerned about fair treatment of others; is usually reasonably thoughtful; is unlikely to lie. Experiences feelings of frustration, anger, sorrow, and isolation. Is confused and disappointed, state values and actual behaviours of family and friends; May be interested in exploring physical-emotional urges.