Moral Relativism Morality And War - 879 Words

Moral Relativism Debate Moral relativism is the idea that there is no absolute moral standard that is applicable to any person at any place at any given time. It suggests that there are situations in which certain behavior that would normally be considered â€Å"wrong† can actually be considered â€Å"right†. Moral relativism has played an increasingly significant role in today’s society, particularly regarding the differences between the countries of the world. This essay will summarize and explain both arguments in favor of and against moral relativism. Despite what many relativists believe, the arguments against are not only stronger, but also more accurate. Before diving into the arguments for and against moral relativism, it is important to define some key terms including morality, cultural diversity, and tolerance. David Fisher, a Teaching Fellow at King’s College, London defines morality in his book, Morality and War: Can War Be Just in the Twenty-f irst Century?. â€Å"Morality is thus neither mysterious nor irrational but furnishes the necessary guidelines for how we can promote human welfare and prevent suffering† (Fisher 134). Cultural diversity is simply the existence of various cultures in society. Tolerance is just the ability to accept something that you would not normally agree with. The two most prominent arguments for moral relativism include the argument of cultural diversity as well as the argument of tolerance. When it comes to cultural diversity, relativists argueShow MoreRelatedAn Overview Of The Ethical1407 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophy of utilitarianism. The basic idea is that morality is determined based upon what is the greatest good for the greatest number of people. ØïÆ'Ëœ Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) argued that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality he dubbed the â€Å"Categorical Imperative. ØïÆ'Ëœ Edward Westermarck (1862-1939) The ethical theory ethical relativism and moral beliefs are ultimately only based on emotion. Consequently, Westermarck concludes moral values cannot be objective since they originate inRead MoreCultural Universals1060 Words   |  5 Pagesa problem for moral relativism in this paper. I will begin by defining cultural universals (CU). Then, I will cite examples of such theory and continue by applying them to situations in which these similarities can be seen. Next, I will discuss how we can convince ourselves that a given standard of behavior is in fact a cultural universal. I will then define moral relativism as well as provide examples of cultural differences that are often cited in regards of moral relativism. Lastly, I willRead MoreEssay on The Ethical Dilemma of Defining Moral Absolutes1266 Words   |  6 Pagesand culturally diverse these same moral debates still linger in today’s society. Fundamentalist believe that ther e are absolute moral codes that apply to all societies. Inherently the fundamentalist view sounds like an ideal view that all cultures should respect. However, there are flaws in the fundamentalist views, who decides what is morally permissible and what is not. This is where the moral relativist view comes into play in an attempt to further define moral guidelines that are relative toRead MoreConflicting Moral Arguments : Louis Vaughn s Philosophy, Moral Relativism And Moral Objectivism872 Words   |  4 PagesConflicting Moral Arguments Louis Vaughn states that the purpose of morality is not to describe how things are, but to â€Å"prescribe how things should be† (2). In Philosophy, moral relativism and moral objectivism are two conflicting but somewhat overlapping school of thought. These beliefs govern the way an individual acts; they also decide the ethical guidelines from which the law is written. In this essay we will delineate the differences between the two sects of belief. Pojman asserts that manyRead More Louis Pojman`s Perspective of Morality 685 Words   |  3 Pagessome other things which are relatively right or wrong things. However, in our moral world, there do exist some rules that most of us would agree with and think it should be the moral thing such that everyone deserves to be respected. In this paper, I will discuss Louis Pojman`s perspective of view on the â€Å"Captive Pursuit†. In Louis Pojman`s â€Å"Who`s to Judge† article, he thinks that there do exist universally- accepted moral principles â€Å"based on a common human nature† and â€Å"a need to solve conflicts ofRead MoreChoosing Right From Wrong: An Examination of Three Points From The Good Society990 Words   |  4 Pagesof which is an example of relativism. Relativism makes reference to several opinions while moral relativism alleges morality is not built around a conclusive model. This paper will discuss three of the four points made in Lenn Goodman’s article â€Å"The Good Society†, published by Penn State University Press in regards to slavery, polygamy, and incest; genocide, famine, and germ warfare; terrorism, hostage taking, and child warriors. The article by Goodman, â€Å"Some Moral Minima†, discussed the equalityRead MoreCultural Ethical Relativism : Cultural Relativism1186 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve that morality is dependent on the culture the individual is involved with. While physical laws are universally accepted, morals are objective depending on where someone lives or who they grew up around. Furthermore, morality is formed based on the history of political and social instances in cultural ethical relativism. This theory of cultural ethical relativism is widely accepted throughout the world. It is so popular because there is empirical evidence that shows that culture’s morals differRead MoreEthical Relativism And The Norms Of One s Culture807 Words   |  4 PagesEthical relativism is the theory that holds morality relative to the norms of one s culture. Meaning, whether an action is right or wrong will depend on the moral norms of that society in which you reside. Though some actions may be vi ewed right in one society, it does not mean it will be morally right in another. I take the view of an ethical relativist, where there is no universal moral standards. I believe this because morality is constantly changing. Society’s beliefs, values and ideas areRead MoreCultural Relativism Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesCultural relativism, pioneered in 1906 by sociologist William Graham Sumner, introduces the idea that there is no universal code of ethics. In The Challenge of Cultural Relativism, written by James Rachels, Rachels explains and challenges the ideas presented by Sumner in cultural relativism. Rachels explains, Cultural relativism is the doctrine that all moral values derive entirely from individual cultural codes, and that there are no objective, independently correct moral values. In other wordsRead MoreCultural Relativism Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagescultural relativism is an acceptable theory to adhere to. A society is a collective group of people who are either figuratively or literally aggregated together. There are many societies, sub-societies, and communities that are overlapping. At the same time, every living individual in the world makes up an umbrella society or community that constructs the present-day society. In â€Å"The Challenge of Cultural Relativism,† James Rachels claims that there are consequences to accepting cultural relativism, but

Not Reward For A Child s Cognitive Development - 2186 Words

As we as humans evolve and continue to further our knowledge and understanding of our world around us, the need for improving learning theories is ever growing. We must teach our children a base of information before they can begin to theorize and have metaphysical type thoughts. We are going to talk about whether or not reward systems positively affect a child’s cognitive development. We’re going to discuss: How the child’s cognitive development over time affects their reasoning and decision making, methods with which we are to observe the child s changes in thought and judgement, and learning theories that most efficaciously further a child’s learning. The main sources of research we will be tapping into are books, essays, and various papers by reputable psychologists such as Freud, Piaget, and B.F Skinner. By determining whether or not positive reward systems aid in child learning, we are paving the way for more effective education methods in the home and classroom. To be capable of changing a child’s behavior, we must first recognize their thought patterns and understand why they think the way they do. The â€Å"mind† is a concept constructed by humans to try to understand our thoughts. We cannot observe the mind directly as we would other things, like a physicist observing a moving car, we cannot see what people are thinking. So how are we to recognize thought patterns in people, let alone children? Though we are unable to see what people are thinking, we can discernShow MoreRelatedHow Do the Major Theories of Child Development (Known as the ‘Grand Theories’) Explore the Importance of Social Experiences?1675 Words   |  7 PagesHow do the major theories of child development (known as the ‘grand theories’) explore the importance of social experiences? Social experiences play a vital role in the development of children. Theories of child development have been created to help us to understand how children’s minds develop, taking into account the differences between cultures around the world. Some of these theories explore the possibility that children gain knowledge, develop new concepts and bridge new ideas through interactionRead MoreEssay on Educational Psychology1169 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent types of psychology, behavioral, cognitive, developmental, and social cognitive, and constructivist in this research paper I will be briefly discussing each type of psychology listed above. Behaviorism is the point of view where learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships. Behaviorists agree that an individual’s behaviors is a result of their interaction with the environment. Feedback, praise and rewards are all ways people can respond to becomingRead MoreExplain Different Concepts1726 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Theorist of development: A. Cognitive (Piaget) Cognitive theories of development look at how thought processes and mental operations influence growth and change. Cognitive theory is looking at the development of a person s thought processes. It also looks at how these thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world. One theorist and cognitive thinker was Jean Piaget, who gave an idea about how we think about child development. This is that children think differently thanRead MoreChild Developmental Theories Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesChild Developmental Theories When an infant arrives in the world they are helpless tiny humans who depend on adults for every need from love, to feeding them. It is amazing how these tiny babies grow into adults able to make decisions and become self-dependent. There are many theories about how children develop and what roles the environment plays, what people affect their lives and how events can shape their personalities. Some of these children have and easy life and some haveRead MoreThe Importance Of Childhood Experiences Of Children And The Social And Economic Benefits Of Early Intervention1553 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay discusses Importance of childhood experience to later life emotional, social and cognitive development into adulthood in the Uk, using the attachment and behaviorism theory to examine childhood experiences, as it forms parts of child’s development. I will be looking into the factors affecting social, emotional and cognitive development of children, strategies to improving service delivery of early intervention in children and the Social and economic benefits of early intervention. Read MoreChildrens Psychological Adjustment to Entry into Kindergarten1325 Words   |  6 Pageschildhood development occurs within the multiple contexts of the home, the school, and the neighborhood, and aspects of these environments can contribute to the development of adjustment problems (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). A child’s psychological adjustment to entry into school for the first time can have a significant impact on the level of success achieved later in life. Children rated higher in school adjustment by their elementary school teachers, as a result of improved cognitive development, showedRead MorePiaget s Cognitive Theory And Cognitive Development1494 Words   |  6 Pages 1) Examine how Piaget’s cognitive theory can help to explain the child’s behavior. Piaget confirms â€Å"Each cognitive stage represents a fundamentally new psychological reorganization resulting from maturation of new functions and abilities† (as in Greene, 2009, p.144). The case Vignette describes Victors’ stages of development through Piaget’s stages of cognitive development as exhibited behavior that occurred during the sensorimotor, preoperational, as established areas. Victor experienced a normalRead MoreHow Can Modeling Be A Predisposing Risk Factor For Aggression?1703 Words   |  7 Pagesis learning through watching. According to Bandura, social behavior is passed down from each generation, in all societies. Behavioral patterns are usually observed by the younger age group and help a child develop. If the role model of the younger child is aggressive, it is more than likely the child will grow up with aggressive tendencies. The concept of modeling being a predisposing risk factor for aggression can be seen through Bandura’s B OBO doll study. Bandura and his research team escorted 4-year-oldsRead MoreBehavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesBehavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Norman L Fountain PSY 250 May 4, 2011 Nichelle Ancrum Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits Habit as defined in Webster’s as a: a behavior pattern acquired by frequent repetition or physiologic exposure that shows itself in regularity or increased facility of performance b : an acquired mode of behavior that has become nearly or completely involuntary (Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, 2011). BehaviorRead MoreThe Effect Of Motivation On Children s Life1373 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavioral and cognitive views. Behavioral theories explained the motivation and learning the concept in terms of behavior, for example, the reinforcement theory, social learning theory and other related theories that emphasized the human behavioral science. Behavioral theorists have not much shown interest in the cognitive aspect of motivation as according to them human behavior is caused by the environment or the external stimuli. Reinforcement theory by B.F. Skinner explains that external rewards as a

Auditing and Assurance in Australia for Financial Statements

Question: Discuss about theAuditing and Assurance in Australia for Financial Statements. Answer: The two significant financial statements of financial assertion account at risk for Matrix are the accounts receivable account and the goodwill account. The accounts receivable is an account that appears under the head of asset especially the current asset of the balance sheet. The goodwill account will also be affected. The account appears under the head of intangible asset in the balance sheet. One key assertion at risk regarding the accounts receivable account is the valuation and allocation assertion. The disclosure made by the management regarding the receivables as to who were the customers, who have purchased the most controversial products and the terms for such purchase. If the purchase have been done on credit then such assertions in the financial statements are at risk. The key assertion at risk (inherent risk) regarding the goodwill account is the valuation and accuracy assertion associated with the account. As the valuation of such an account is difficult, the assertion by the management regarding the goodwill of the company is likely to change and observe a diminishing trend in all probabilities. The accounts receivable is at the risk of valuation and allocation assertion because the transactions that may have been recorded in the books of accounts may not be appropriate. This is because the product sold by the pharmaceutical firm that resulted in the hospitalization of a number of customers may not have been properly accounted for. These products that resulted in a major health issue may belong to old stock or ld batch of production and may be was compiled into the current batch of products for the purpose of stock clearance. Therefore, the accounts receivable account is at risk. The goodwill account on the other hand is at risk because the goodwill of the company is likely to fall due to the recent occurrence of the health issue faced by the customers due to one of its products (Abbott et al., 2016). The firm should be more responsible about the quality of the product that is being shipped to the market for the purpose of sale. A detailed and rigorous quality check is essential to avoid such assertion risks. Secondly, the firm may also develop an inventory system that does not allow the products which do not belong to that respective batch of production. The audit opinion in this case is that the management of the company should be asked to republish its financial statements. The management should be specifically asked to provide the disclosure in the financial statements about whether the company is meeting the conditions to be a going concern. The auditor should also ask the management to specify the amount of materiality applied to the financial accounts. If the management provides the disclosures regarding the material uncertainty, it would not be enough. This is because whether the company is a going concern or not should be determined by reviewing whether the company matches the criteria for being recognized as a going concern (Knechel Salterio, 2016). References Abbott, L. J., Daugherty, B., Parker, S., Peters, G. F. (2016). Internal audit quality and financial reporting quality: The joint importance of independence and competence. Journal of Accounting Research, 54(1), 3-40. Knechel, W. R., Salterio, S. E. (2016). Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis.

Joseph As A Christ Figure Essays - Prophets Of Islam,

Joseph As A Christ Figure The story of Joseph is a two-fold demonstration of the Christian idea of an omniscient and omnipotent God with a master plan for the life of each human being and for the universe as a whole. Every circumstance in Joseph's life is turned around to lead to his ultimate position as an Egyptian ruler, which allows him to save his family. In addition to the predestined events that happen within Joseph's life, the story as a whole foreshadows God's plan for salvation through Jesus Christ. Joseph is a shadow who has remarkable similarities to Christ and the events of his life. Both Joseph and Jesus are unlikely candidates for their positions and are mocked when they tell people God's plan for their lives. Joseph is his father's second-youngest son, yet God chooses him as the savior of his older brothers and his father. When Joseph tells his family his visions that he will rule over them, they ridicule him. His brothers ?hated him even more for his dreams, and for his words.? While the Jews were expecting their Messiah to come as a rich and mighty king, Jesus comes as the son of a carpenter. His authority is questioned by people who are astonished at his miracles and asked, ?Whence hath this man this wisdom, and these mighty works? Is not this the carpenter's son The fact that Joseph and Jesus achieve the things they do from the places they start suggests a master plan constructed and carried out by a powerful God. Both Joseph and Jesus are loved by their fathers. Joseph is given a special coat by his father because ?Israel loved Joseph more than all his children, because he was the son of his old age Jacob's favoritism toward Joseph causes the jealousy in his brothers that starts Joseph on his destined road. God, Jesus' father, declares his love for his son upon Christ's baptism, saying, ?This is my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased Joseph's jealous brothers sell him into slavery to Ishme-el-ites for twenty pieces of silver. What appears to be a horrible situation is actually an essential part of God's plan for Joseph's life. His brothers have no idea that the boy they are angrily selling will later save their lives. Joseph's betrayal by his brothers parallels Judas's betrayal of Jesus Christ for thirty pieces of silver. Joseph is a servant who becomes exalted. He is a slave and a prisoner , and through this becomes a great ruler. Similarly Jesus Christ takes on the conduct of a servant and is exalted because of it. Christ ?made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant , until ?God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name.? Joseph's submission to Potiphar is part of the road that leads to the fulfillment of God's plan. This fulfillment includes Joseph's promotion above Potiphar. Similarly, Jesus Christ becomes mortal, submitting to death in order to overcome it. Joseph is tempted by Potiphar's wife and resists temptation just as Jesus does during his forty days of temptation in the wilderness. The temptation illustrates that God can implement his plan only if people are obedient. Joseph and Jesus must live righteously in order to fulfill the dream that God has given them. Although Joseph resists Potiphar's wife, he is condemned and sent to prison. Joseph's prison sentence parallels Jesus' death and burial. Both come out of their confinement exalted as princes over foreign lands. Joseph becomes a prince of Egypt, while Jesus becomes a prince over the Earth. After being exalted, Joseph takes a Gentile bride, Zapthanathpaaneah. Similarly, the church, which is predominantly Gentile, has been ?espoused?to one husband, that [God] may present [it] as a chaste virgin to Christ.? Joseph saves Egypt and Israel from starvation during the seven-year famine, when all countries came into Egypt to Joseph for to buy corn; because that the famine was so sore in all lands.? Just as Joseph provides food for many nations, Jesus Christ becomes the ?bread of life? for the entire world. He says, ?I am the bread of life: he that cometh unto me shall